AGE OF EXPLORATION
Age
of Exploration (1450-1750)
Islamic
Land Empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals)
Land
Empires – China (½ of Ming, & Qing Dynasty), Russia
Maritime
Empires of W. EUR – Absolutism, England/France/Netherlands
Forced
Labor Systems – serfs & slavery, Central & Latin America (Spain &
Portugal)
Age
of Revolutions (1750-1914): Industrial Revolution & Political Revolutions
Motives
for European Exploration
a)
Crusades => bypass intermediaries
in trade routes to get to Asia
b)
Renaissance – curiosity
c)
Reformation – refugees &
missionaries spread “your type” of Christianity
d)
Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue (competition w/ other monarchs & powerful nobles)
e)
technological advances
f)
fame & fortune
WESTERN EUROPE 1450 – 1750
Renaissance
– Humanism culture through art and literature
introduced emphasizing
1450 – 1650 human centrism and progress Italian +
Northern.
Reformation
– Catholic unity of Western Europe broken
1450-1650 Protestant groups arise
Political goals and Religious goals mix and culminate in 30 Years
War
(1618 – 1648) and destruction of the Holy Roman Empire
Age
of Exploration1492 – 1750 – European Kingdoms
sponsor exploration around the word and set up trading colonies. After 1550,
Spain conquers much of Central & Southern America. By 1700, France and
England set up global empires.
Absolutism– Europe divided into small kingdoms, isolate
by geography, each with their own culture (no Empires or Unity)
1200s – 1750 -
Kings gain power – government centralizes.
- By 1300s Control
local church
- By 1600s unite
closely (but loosely) into modern states
-Culminating with
Louis XIV of France 1640s – 1702 France
Scientific
Revolution – Use of scientific method to make technical
advances.
1550 – 1750 Viewpoint
of how the world works is slowly changing.
Pre-Columbian
Trade:
-Most
occurred in Indian Ocean Trade (area of wealth)
-More
trade occurred on water than land
-Islam
& spice trade: key port= Malacca (b/c Indian Ocean was the wealthiest trade
circuit)
-New
Player = EUR
o
Marco Polo (1271) during Pax Mongolica
o
Expansion becomes a state enterprise
→monarchs had the authority & resources. (centralization of gov.’t w/
growth of Absolutism)
o
Better seaworthy ships (improved
sails, Caravel ships, Astrolabe, compass; inventions dominate Asia then →EUR)
-Chinese
Admiral Zhenghe & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” travels throughout Indian Ocean
circuit for glory & research NOT for wealth - 1405-1433-
Zhenghe expeditions from China to SE Asia, India, and East Africa
COLUMBUS:
sails
for Spain after attempting to gain funding from numerous other princes &
kings – goal=profit
1492 – Hits Hispaniola – C.
America
1493 – Cuba
1498 – S. America
A. Portuguese
Expeditions 1430s – 1480s F. Columbus’ 3 successful
voyages 1493 - 1504
B. Dias
1487 – 1488 G. Voyages attended by Vespucci
1499 - 1502
C. Vasco
da Gama 1497 -1499 H.
Magellan del Cano 1519 - 1522
D. Portuguese
voyages to the Orient 1509 – 1514 I.
Cabot 1497 (British)
E.
Columbus’ 1st voyage 1492
o
Spanish Colonies in N. America = New Spain
S.
America = Peru
o
Magellan = 1st to go
around the world
o
Amerigo
Vespucci – sent by English, although Italia => “America”
o
Looking for “El Dorado” = City of
Gold – Profit Making
*St. Augustine = 1st
colony in America
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Diseases &
Native Americans
-victims of diseases=millions
of Native Americans who weren’t exposed to measles, smallpox, & etc. before
-Overall, in N &S America,
over half the population died, some estimates even run as high as 80%
-Whole populations of W. Indies
were wiped out
-Impact lasted over 150 yrs. -
Polynesians & Pacific Coast peoples affected in 18th century
>> Major blow to earlier
civilizations in Americas, but became opportunity for Europeans to forge new
populations of their own settlers & slaves
Food
-New World crops spread rapidly
among W. merchants
-corn & sweet potatoes
became popular in China (merchants learned of them from Spaniards in
Philippines), the Mediterranean, & Africa
-these productive new crops
& local agricultural improvements → population booms (China in 17th
century, & Europeans had population booms when potato was introduced)
-Animal husbandry became
similar when animals from Eurasia were introduced to New World
Country
|
1500-1650
|
1650-1830
|
1830-1919
|
Portugal: (Late 15th
Century)
|
o
Prince Henry the Navigator,
Dias Vasco De Gama
o
West African Ports - Indian Ocean - discovery, Spices, Goa/India
o
New World – Brazil
Treaty of Tordisillas (1494) – Pope Alexander VI Borgia
|
BRAZIL
o
Much of Empire replaced by France,
England, Dutch
o
-Height of African Slave Trade (largest # of
slaves by far sent to Brazil)
|
I
M
P
E
R
I
A
L I S M |
Spain:
(Late 15th Century)
|
o
Christopher Columbus, Cortes,
Pizarro, de Soto, “Amerigo” Vespucci, etc.
o
Buenos Aires – Latin America
o
Gold + Silver largest commodities
- Brought over by Spanish Galleons
o
Treaty of Tordisillas (1494) –
Pope Alexander VI Borgia
|
LATIN AMERICA
o
Philippines
o
“New Spain” – Lima, Mexico
City Weakening of Spanish Empire
o
Much of Empire replaced by France,
England, Dutch
|
|
France: (Late 16th Century)
|
o
Jacques Cartier, Champlain,
etc.
o
North America and Caribbean
o
Sugarcane, Furs, etc.
|
o
India – Spices, Markets
o
SE Asia (Indochine) – Spices
o
Height of African Slave Trade
o
Losers of Seven Years War to
British
|
|
England: (Late
16th Century)
|
o
John Cabot, Henry Hudson
Sir
Francis Drake and “Sea Dogs” Raid
Spanish Galleons
o
North America and Caribbean
o
Sugarcane, Furs, etc.
o
Routes to Russia via North Sea
|
o
India – Spices, Markets
o
Southeast Asia - Spices
o
Winners of Anglo-Dutch War
o
Height of African Slave Trade
o
Winners of Seven Years War vs
France in Mid-1700s
|
|
Netherlands:
(Late 16th Century)
|
o
Routes to Russia via North
Sea
o
North America
|
o
Losers of Anglo-Dutch War
o
Southeast Asia - Spices
|
|
“Italy”: (Since 12th
Century)
|
o
Mediterranean is “Italian Lake”
o
Port City-States of Genoa, Venice,
Pisa
|
MEDITERRANEAN
|
|
“Germany”
|
o
Small Principalities
|
30 Years War
aftermath-feudalism
|
>>General Effects: For Europe at large
(1500-1650)
>>Economic Effects – New Economic Reality
– Sustained economic growth by exploiting colonies
>>Mercantilism
policy starting 17th Century – Industrial Revolution (around 19th
Century)
-Countries need to be self-sufficient
through its colonies
- $ spent by monarchies for unification
infrastructure – roads, canals, etc.
-
Columbian Exchange – new products from New World used in Old World
>>Social Effects – Increased Aristocratic
/ large merchants wealth + intertwining through marriage and other forms of
alliance
-
New World equals Opportunity for
Social Mobility and Religious Freedom (growing migration)
>>Political Effects – Growing monarchies -
wealth of monarchies which combined with increased military technology and
larger hiring of mercenary armies grow in power, put down large lords revolts
and/or peasants revolts
-BALANCE OF POWER: Wars against the dominating
country to prevent it from getting too powerful
ABSOLUTISM - Constitutional Monarchs (limited power) or Absolute Monarchs
o
Loyalty to a regent or family. People are “subjects of the monarchy”
o
Centralization of power within the
“monarchy”
Spain – Hapsburgs – 1st
superpower funded by wealth of discovery of “New World”
A)
Ferdinand and Isabella – (around 1480-1516) unites Spain - “The
Reconquista” (Catholic conquest of Islamic Spain and throwing out non-Catholics
-
Moriscos (Catholic converts from
Islam) and Marranos (Catholic converts from Judaism)
-
Patrons of Christopher Columbus
- “discovery” of Western Hemisphere and
taking of all natural resources from it over the next 150 years
B)
Charles V (Charles I – Holy Roman
Emperor) (1516-1556) – Spain is “Superpower” (albeit briefly)
-
Rules trying to improve Hapsburg
power. Splits Spain (Philip II his son)
from Holy Roman Empire (Ferdinand his uncle).
C)
Philip II (1556-1598) – religious
zealot who tries to stop Reformation and begins the decline of Spanish Empire
-
Spanish Armada falls to Queen
Elizabeth’s English navy
-
English “Sea Dogs” and French (pirates) plunder many Spanish
Galleons
Philip III and Philip IV (1598-1665)-
-
Starts involvement of Spain in 30
Years War
D)
30 Years War (1618-1648) – Spain
loses and is weakened and even attacked by French towards the end of the
conflict
-Peace
of Westphalia of 1648 marks decline of Hapsburg power and their replacement by
French Bourbon kings as main power on Continental Europe
England – Tudors and
Stuarts – always wants no dominant power on “Continental Europe”
A)
Henry VIII (1509-1547) – separates
from Catholic Church and makes Anglicanism (Church of England) main religion
-
Weak heirs (Edward VI, Mary ‘Bloody
Mary”) until Elizabeth
B)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) – English
Renaissance and beginning of “Golden Age”
-
39 Articles allows religious
tolerance and strengthens Anglicanism’s hold on England
-
Defeats Spanish Armada
-
Development of English culture
continues (Shakespeare, etc.)
-
Has no clear heirs so Scottish
Stuart line (Catholics) inherit monarchy
C)
Stuarts – (1st groups) (1603-1649)– James I and Charles I
-
Pro-Catholic leaning anger nobles
-
After some radical policies by
Charles I, Parliament overthrows King (beheads Charles I)
-
English Civil Wars (1649-1659) –
eventually Oliver Cromwell (a Puritan Calvinist) establishes “Commonwealth” and
then “Dictatorship”
-
Stuarts – (2nd group) (1660-1688) – Charles II and James II
-
Parliament and Nobles already
suspicious of pro-Catholic leanings
D)
Glorious Revolution (1689) – William
of Orange (Netherlands) and Mary (connection to the crown)
-
Pro-Anglican
-
Bloodless coup with Parliament
backing. Parliament now true power of
England not monarchy
France – Valois and
Bourbons
-
House of Valois (1328-1589)
-
House of Bourbon (1589-1792)
Henry
IV (1589-1610)(advisor Sully)(“Paris is worth a Mass” – converts to
Catholicism) –
Enacts Edict of Nantes – religious tolerance
of Huguenots – avoids Civil War like England has
Louis
XIII (1610-1643) (advisor Richilieu) –
Cardinal
Richilieu (Catholic) supports Protestants in 30 Years War –to strengthen
Bourbon monarch and weaken Hapsburgs
Louis
XIV (Sun King) (1643-1715)(adviser Mazarin in his youth)
Causes
for Age of Exploration:
-Crusades brought knowledge of
Islamic World’s superior economy & goods of Asia
-Mongol Empire/Pax Mongolica => influx of trade into
Asia
-Europeans didn’t explore
Iceland & Greenland because of they encountered warriors whose weaponry
would cause them trouble
-1291 Europeans wanted to
expand, but problems like the emerging Ottoman Emp. & lack of gold impeded
their explorations, but initial settlements in island groups in s. Atlantic fed
hopes for further gains
-1st expeditions
were limited by technology (only had small, oar-propelled ships used in
Mediterranean trade, but not for traveling cross oceans)
>> New technology enabled
exploration:
o
compass (from Arabs who got it from
Chinese)
o
metalwork & explosives (adapted
from Chinese) → gunnery (ex. guns & cannons)
OVERVIEW:
-The rise of the West from the fifteenth and eighteenth
centuries involved distant explorations and conquests resulting in a
heightening and redefining of relationships among world societies.
-During the classical era, larger regional economies and culture
zones had developed, as in the Chinese Middle Kingdom and the Mediterranean
basin, but international exchanges were not of fundamental importance to the
societies involved.
-During the postclassical period, contacts increased and were
more significant.
-Missionary religions—Buddhism and Islam—and trade influenced
important changes.
-new world relationships after 1450 spelled a new period of
world history.
-Americas + other world areas were joined to the world network,
while older regions had increased contacts.
-Trade became so significant that new relationships emerged
among societies and prompted reconsideration of existing political and cultural
traditions.
PORTUGUESE
MARITIME EMPIRE (*1ST MARITIME EMP. EARLY 1400S – 1700)
o
1st EUR “oceanic”
explorers
o
W. Africa 1st
(established forts)
o
brought back slaves, spices
(peppers), and stories of gold hoards from Africa
o
15th century– found Cape
of Good Hope when trying to find a route to India for luxury cloths &
spices, but turned back in 1488 when they couldn’t find it
o
1st Europeans to reach
“wealthy” Indian Ocean trade by Vasco da Gama in 1498 – 4 ships – mistakenly
thought Indians were Christians b/c they thought Hindu temples = churches
(W = Spain’s & E=
Portugal’s)
o
Main colonies are: Brazil (for
sugarcane, & has most slaves of any colony) & E. Indies
o
Decline w/ rise of Dutch &
English in 1700
>>Prince
Henry the Navigator
-established school for
Navigation 1419
-set atmosphere for exploration
- Exploration of the W. African
coast
-Bartolommeo Dias reaches Cape
of Good Hope in 1487
-Vasco da Gama reaches Indian
Ocean trade circuit in 1498
- Admiral Alfonso de Alburque
reaches Indian Ocean – Goa in 1510 & Malacca in 1511
Portugal’s
Motivation for initiating Exploration:
o
convenient Atlantic location
o
excitement of discovery
o
wanting to challenge Muslim world
o
wealth/ profit-making
-Decline in mid-1600s
PORTUGAL IN INDIA:
o
Vasco da Gama in 1498 w/ 4 ships
arrived in India w/ help of Hindu pilot picked up @ E. coast of Africa
o
mistakenly thought Indians were
Christians b/c they thought Hindu temples = churches
o
faced hostility of experienced
Muslim traders – only had crude goods to sell (ex. iron pots) – fortunately had
gold →brought back some spices
o
In later trip, da Gama used ships’
guns to intimidate – killed/tortured many India merchants
COLONIZATION OF BRAZIL
o
Da Gama setting an example set in
motion a frenzy of Portuguese voyages to Indian Ocean – one expedition that was
blown off course landed in Brazil
PORTUGUESE
EXPLORATIONS/HOLDINGS
o
parts of Africa
o
Indian port of Goa
o
lease on Chinese port of Macao
o
some trade with Japan
o
Brazil
SPANISH MARITIME EMPIRE
o
Ferdinand & Isabella finish
unifying Spain (Reconquista)
o
creates largest & wealthiest W.
EUR kingdom up to that point
o
Bankrolls Columbus explorations w/
hopes of finding w. route to Indian Ocean trade circuit => GOAL = PROFIT
o
dominates W. Hemisphere resources from early 1500s –
mid-1600s
o
replaced by French, English, Dutch
mid 1600s
SPANISH EXPEDITIONS
o
Columbus
o
Amerigo Vespucci
o
Ferdinand Magellan – set sailed W.
in 1519, reached Indonesian islands in 1521
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS/HOLDINGS
o
Philippines
o
various Pacific Islands
o
Americas (Mexico, S. America,
Florida, California, SW modern day-USA)
*Treaty
of Tordesillas 1494 – Pope’s Rine of Demarcation
NORTH EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS
o
French & particularly Dutch
& English improved vessels (became lighter, faster than the Catholics –
meaning Spain & Portugal’s
o
1588 British defeat Spanish Armada
o
went N. in Americas, not wanting to
challenge Spain & Portugal, but they did seize W. Indies
o
2 16th century English
explorers while looking for Arctic route to China were told to look for
populations for possible fur selling, if no populations were found, they were
to turn it into a source of fish for Britain
o
French explorers crossed Atlantic
first in 1534 & claimed Canada – 17th century →Great Lakes &
Mississippi valley
o
British hoped to discover NW passage
to India, but only accomplished exploration of Hudson Bay – 17th
century: began colonizing E. coast of N. America
o
Holland had holdings in N. America –
brief time in Brazil also
o
Dutch after winning independence
from Spain became major competitor of Portugal in SE Asia → got Indonesian
Islands by early 17th century
o
Netherlands explored bits of
Australia, but didn’t do anything
o
Holland established a settlement on
S. tip of Africa for relay station for ships bound for E Indies
o
Dutch
East India Co. & British East India Co.
-
were given gov.’t monopolies of
trade in the regions designated, but weren’t rigorously supervised by own
states.
-
had rights to raise armies &
coin money on their own
-
thus, semiprivate companies acted
almost like independent gov.’t
-
A Dutch trading company ruled island
of Taiwan & British East India Co.
ruled parts of India
1300 C.E.
1300 C.E.
1281 Founding of Ottoman
dynasty
1350s Ottoman invasion of
southeastern Europe
1368 Ming dynasty in China
1390 Ming restrictions on
overseas trade
1400
C.E.
1405 – 1433 Chinese expedition
period
1434 – 1498 Portuguese
expeditions down W. African coast
1441 Beginning of European
slave trade in Africa
1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
1480 Moscow region free of
Mongol control
1492 Columbus expeditions
1498 – 1499 Vasco da Gama
expedition opens seas to Asia
1500
C.E.
1500-1600 Europe’s commercial
revolution
1501 -1510 Safavid conquest of
Iran
1509 Spanish colonies on
American mainland
1510 – 1511 Portugal conquers
Goa (India), Malacca (Malaysia)
1517 – 1541 Protestant
Reformation (Europe)
1519 – 1521 Magellan
circumnavigates globe
1519 – 1524 Cortes Conquers
Mexico
1520 – 1566 Suleiman the
Magnificent (Ottoman)
1526 Babur conquest in northern
India (Mughal)
1533 Pizarro wins Peru
1548 Portuguese government in
Brazil
1550
C.E.
1552 Russia begins expansion in
central Asia and western Siberia
1570 Portuguese colony of
Angola (Africa)
1571 Ottoman naval defeat at
Lepanto
1600
C.E.
1600Dutch and British merchants
begin activity in India
1600 – 1690 Scientific
Revolution (Europe)
1607 First British colonies in
North America
1608 1st French North American colonies
1637 Russian pioneers to
Pacific
1640s Japan moves into
isolation
1641 Dutch colonies in
Indonesia
1642 – 1727 Isaac Newton
1644 Qing dynasty, China
1650
C.E.
1652 Dutch colony South Africa
1658 – 1707 Aurangzeb reign,
beginning of Mughal decline
1682 – 1699 Turks driven from
Hungary
1689 – 1752 Peter the Great
(Russia)
1700
C.E.
1713 New Bourbon dynasty, Spain
1722Fall of Safavid dynasty
(Iran)
1759 – 1788 Reforms of Latin
America colonial administration
1750
C.E.
1756 – 1763 Seven Years’ War
1763 Britain acquires “New
France”
1764 British East India Company
controls Bengal (India)
1770s European – Bantu
conflicts in southern Africa
1772 – 1795 Partition of Poland
1775 – 1783 American Revolution
1781 Indian revolts in New
Grenada and Peru (Latin America)
1792 Slave uprising in Haiti
_______________________________________________________
1400
C.E.
1394 – 1460 Prince Henry the
Navigator
1433 China ends great
expeditions
1434 Portugal extends
expeditions down west African coast
1488 Portuguese round Cape of
Good Hope
1492 Columbus’ first expedition
1497 – 1498 Vasco da Gama to
India
1500
C.E.
1509First Spanish colonies on
Latin American mainland
1514 Expedition to Indonesia
1519 – 1521 Magellan
circumnavigates globe
1534 First French explorations
in Canada
1542 Portuguese reach Japan
1562 Britain begins its slave
trade
1571 Ottoman fleet defeated in
Battle of Lepanto
1588 British defeat Spanish
Armanda
1597 Japan begins isolation
policy
1600
C.E.
1607 1st British colony in Virginia
1608 1st French
colonies in Canada; 1st trading concession in India to England
1641 Dutch begin conquests on
Java, in Indonesia
1652 Dutch launch colony in
southern Africa
1700
C.E.
1744 French – British wars in
India
1756 – 1763 Seven Years’ War in
Europe, India, and N. America
1763 British conquer New France
1775 – 1783 American Revolution
1756 “Black hole” of Calcutta
1764 East India Company control
of Bengal
OVERVIEW - “Big Picture”
Developments (1450-1750):
-western Europe became the most
dynamic force world wide
-world became smaller as
international trade affected diverse societies and the speed and range of sailing
ships increased
-new or revamped empires formed
important regional political units in many parts of the world
Events:
Russia
-Russian monarchy
formed
Western Europe
-failed to gain
political unity but slowly recovered from 5th century collapse of Roman
Empire
-built important
regional kingdoms while expanding the role of urban commerce and establishing
an elaborate culture around Catholic Christianity
Sub-Saharan
Africa
-another set of
regional kingdoms formed, although vital areas there were organized more loosely
-African trade and
artistic expression gained ground steadily
Japan
-like Western
Europe, emphasized a decentralized feudal system in politics
-copied many
aspects of Chinese culture and some social forms, including a more patriarchal approach
to the status of women
Middle
East
-Ottomans unified
much of the Middle East
China
-built increasingly
elaborate societies
*West changed rapidly, becoming
an unusual kind of agricultural civilization
Consequences
of Globalization:
-human disease pool
became fully international for first time
-people who had
previously been isolated from the rest of the world suffered greatly from
exposure to diseases
“Gunpowder
Empires” = development of cannons and muskets in 15th and 16th centuries
through combination of Western technology + previous Chinese invention
o
Technology that allowed European
domination of the seas = ship based artillery(fundamental to West’s mastery of
international sea lanes and many ports and islands)
EMPIRES THAT RELIED ON LAND
ARMIES
-Mughal in India
-Safavid in Persia
-17th century Qing
dynasty in China
NOMADIC SOCIETIES
-decline => replaced by more direct relations
among states or merchant groups
-Relations between
States Increase
-European gov.’t began
regular diplomatic contacts
-China =>
received foreign representatives for centuries
-Representation to
gov.’t in Africa + Asia => formal missionaries were sent to negotiate trade +
other matters
o
Developments that created new social
hierarchies =>massive expansion of slavery + harsh serfdom in key parts of
the world.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES:
-Imported horses, sheep, and cattle => American
grasslands + densely settled Native
American
farmlands -Soil conditions changed in some places by
introduction of new crops (sugar)
3
Large Trends that affected all civilizations
-Western Expansion
-Intensification + globalization of world commercial
network
-military + political results of gunpowder
*Europe used New World goods, particularly silver, to help pay for
the luxury products still sought in China and India.
TRADE AS AN EFFECT OF THE
DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD
-Europeans didn’t displace all
Asian shipping from coastal waters of China & Japan
-didn’t monopolize Indian Ocean
trade
-along E. African coast,
although European had bases, Muslim traders remained active & commerce
still moved to Middle East
-W. EUR dominated a lot of
oceanic shipping, playing a great role in trade between societies
-Increase in profits –
disproportionate control by great merchant companies increased EUR ability to
determine framework for international trade (Spanish-directed fleet defeated
Ottomans in Battle of Lepanto 1571 => ended Muslim threat to EUR power)
-Europeans secured ports &
harbors along W. African coast, Indian subcontinent, & SE Asia by 17th
century (Portuguese won Macao) – ports served as areas of contact for overland
traders (usually local merchants) & provided access to inland goods not
directly available to W.
-where direct contact was not
possible, formation of special W. enclaves (where W. traders won special legal
rights) occurred (colonies in Constantinople & Russia, then Japan)
-Spain briefly dominated (due
to imports of silver from Americas), but lacked a good banking sys., thus not
able to support full commercial surge
-W. EUR expanded manufacturing
operations so that it could export expensive finished goods (guns, & cloth)
in exchange for unprocessed goods (sugar, silver)
-Dominant core nations in the New World supplemented their growing economic
powers by self-serving political policies
-doctrines of mercantilism urged a nation-state not
import goods from another empire, but to sell exports as widely as possible on
own ships
-Tariff policies encouraged
home-base manufacturing & discouraged colonial-based manufacturing
-low cost goods= precious
metals, cash crops (sugar, rice, spice, tobacco, cotton) – Human labor =vital
item of exchange
-Europeans in exchange for
slaves & unprocessed goods traded manufactured items (guns).
-Not all of L. America &
slave-supplying Africa were poor – slave traders & princes who taxed the
trade grew rich
-L. America –silver mines &
commercial estates required regional merchants & farmers to supply food
-Most African & L. American
merchants & landlords didn’t fully control own terms of trade - might
prosper, but wealth didn’t stimulate much local manufacturing/ general economic
advance – instead, tended to import EUR-made goods
-Coercive labor systems spread
– b/c dependent economies relied on cheap production of unprocessed goods
-In Americas (due to population
loss from disease) →massive importation of African slaves
-For many NA & mestizos
(mixed NA & EUR-blood), sys. of estate management developed demanded large
amounts of labor
-Estate agriculture: peasants
forced into labor w/o legal freedom to leave arose for spice production in
Dutch E. Indies & by 18th century in British-dominated
agricultural operations in India
-China copied some firearms
manufacturing from Europeans, but not so much – depended on extensive gov.’t
regulation w/ coastal navy to keep Europeans in check
-most limited trade was
channeled through Macao
-Chinese manufacturing gains
led to a strong export position, which is why EUR sent a great deal of American
silver to China to pay for goods they wanted
-Japan was attracted to
European advances in gunnery & shipping, but encouraged local gun making
industry b/c they feared the Western Influence
-India’s new Mughal Emp. in 16th
century even encouraged small port colonies – sold goods in return for New
World silver
EXPANSIONIST TREND
-British &French East India
Co. staked out increasing roles in internal trade & administration – early
18th century, Britain placed high tariffs on Indian cotton so it
wouldn’t threaten Britain’s own cotton industry – intent was to use India as a
market for British-processed goods & outright payments of gold
POWERS BEGIN HAVING COLONIES:
Portugal: 1488
Spain: 1509
Ottomans
France: 1608
England: 1607
COLONIES
Spain: Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica,
Panama (1509 by Vasco de Balboa), conquest of Aztecs in Mexico, Inca in Andes,
Columbia, Argentina
-Pizarro conquered Inca by capturing
Atalhualpa, ransoming, and then strangling Atalhualpa – Pizarro ruled from Lima
(coastal city he established) – he was assassinated by some Incan rebels at a
dinner party in 1541
-Colonies in Americas were typically developed
by small bands of gold-hungry Europeans often loosely controlled by colonial
administrations back home
– Colonial rulers often established loose
controls over native populations at first, gradually; formal administration
developed as agricultural settlements were established & official colonial
systems took shape under bureaucrats sent from Spain & Portugal
-Active missionary efforts to Christianize
natives
-French explorations along St. Lawrence River →
colonies around Quebec – from 1609 onward, & explorations in Mississippi
river basin
-English & Dutch colonized Atlantic coastal
areas
o
Western colonial dominance over
people accompanied the new world economic network.
o
Two types of American colonies emerged,
in Latin America and the Caribbean, and in
o
North America. Smaller colonies were
present in Africa and Asia.
o
Key European nations developed
direct oversea empires.
o
1509- Spain quickly colonized West
Indian islands; Spanish- Vasco de Balboa-settlement began on the mainland in
Panama.
o
Military expeditions conquered the
Aztecs and Incas.
o
Violent and treacherous expedition
of the Incas- Francisco Pizarro
o
The settlers ruthlessly sought gold.
o
As agricultural settlements were
established, Spanish and Portuguese officials created more formal
administration (vs. loosely administration from before).
o
Missionary tried to convert.
o
Northern Europeans began colonial
activity during the early seventeenth century.
o
The French settled in Canada and
explored the Mississippi River basin.
o
The Dutch and English occupied
coastal Atlantic territories.
o
All three nations colonized West
Indian islands and built slave-based economies.
o
Religious refugees came to British
territories.
o
The French in Canada planned the
establishment of manorial estates under the control of great lords controlled
by the state.
o
The Catholic Church held a strong
position.
o
1755- New France had 55,000 settlers
in a peasant society in Quebec.
o
Seven Years’ War- Great Britain vs.
France
o
In 1763, through the Treaty of
Paris, France surrendered Canada &
Mississippi basin to the British.
o
The French inhabitants remained
unhappy with British rule.
o
The North American colonies had less
value to their rulers.
o
The value of the exports and imports
of the North American small populations was insignificant.
o
Continuing settler arrival occurred
as Indian populations declined through disease and warfare.
o
Indians and Europeans did not form
new cultural groups as they did in Latin America.
o
Indians moved westward- based
culture on horse.
o
North American colonial societies
developed following European patterns.
o
British colonies formed assemblies.
o
The colonists consumed Enlightenment
political ideas.
o
Trade and manufacturing developed
widely- strong merchant class appeared.
o
The importation of African slaves
and slavery separated the North America experience from European patterns.
o
Western habits-Americans married
earlier, had more children, and displayed an unusual concern for children, but
they still reproduced the European-style family.
o
In Africa, most Europeans were
confined, because of climate, disease, geographical barriers - Exceptions in
Angola and South Africa.
o
Portuguese- slavery in Angola.
o
In South Africa, the Dutch founded
Cape Town in 1652 as a settlement for supplying ships on the way to
southeastern Asia.
o
The settlers expanded into nearby
regions.
o
Later Europeans began wars with the
Bantu.
o
Spain moved into the Philippines and
began Christianizing activities.
o
The Dutch East India Company-
presence in Taiwan.
o
Outright war began in 1744- England
and France began allying with Indian princes.
o
-French defeat destroyed their power
in India.
o
-British victories over Indians in
Bengal-1750s.
o
In India, administration remained
limited.
o
Officials were satisfied to conclude
agreements with indigenous rulers.
o
Only in the Philippines were many
indigenous peoples drawn to Christianity.
o
Colonial development affected
Western Europe economically and diplomatically.
o
Colonial rivalries added to the
persisting hostilities between nations.
o
The Seven Years’ War was the first
worldwide war.
o
The colonies brought new wealth to
Europe, profiting merchants and manufacturers.
o
New products changed lifestyles:
once-costly sugar became available to ordinary people.
o
Economic pressures brought important
changes.
o
African populations were disrupted
by the slave trade.
o
Indian manufacturing levels
declined.
o
New labor systems formed in many
regions.
o
Indigenous responses, as with
Christianity, combined their ideas with the arriving influences.
o
Benefits- New food crops and
increased trade allowed population growth.
o
Relationships between Europe’s and
the world’s economy were complex.
o
World was growing closer but not
simpler
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