RUSSIAN EMPIRE, CHINA (MANCHU & QING), JAPAN (TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE)
STUDY GUIDE 5 Major Land Empires:
v Ottoman
v Safavid
v Mughal
v Russian (largest by land)
v Manchu (largest by population)
*All based on agriculture, not involved in trade
(Islamic did little trade in Indian Ocean)
What the 5 land empires have in common:
- Agrarian economy- based on agriculture and
large landowners
- Serfdom dominates economy- landlords play
large role in suppression of peasantry
- Trade routes shift slowly from 1450-1750,
turning once centers of trade into areas on the periphery
- Expand to neighboring territories instead of
overseas colonies
The Rise of Russian Empire
- view themselves as Third Rome after fall of
Byzantine Empire, with whom they had a connection with the Kievan Rus
- Moscow rises to prominence as chief tax
collecting city for the Mongol Golden Horde
- Ivan III/ the Great stopped paying tribute to
the Mongol Empire (Golden Horde in 1480
- Established a
strong central government ruled by a czar "Caesar" who ruled by
divine right
- After the reign
of Ivan the Terrible, the Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for almost 300 years
(falls in 1917 to Communists)
- develops over the
course of 200 year and competes with Poland, Sweden, and Ottomans for supremacy
in Eastern Europe
- territories
consistently change hands between various Empires until the 1900s
- as Russian Empire
expands numerous minority groups and religions (not Orthodox Christians) are
conquered.
Russian peoples
classify themselves as "Slavic Peoples"
- large Jewish
communities develop in Eastern Europe (Ashkenazi Jews) in an area called the
"Pale of Settlements" (modern day Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine)
that reaches over 5,000,000 people in number at the dawn of WWII- often live in
separate communities (Ghettos)
Social System
1- Czars (assumed
throne by bloodline line)
2- Noble (provincial
governors)
3- Serfs (peasants
labor sources to support economy)
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o The rise of the Russian involved only limited
commercial exchange (unlike rise of Western empires).
o 1480s- Freed from Mongol domination and Russians
pushed eastward.
o Lithuania and Poland rivaled Russia into the
seventeenth century.
o Russia had a Byzantine-influenced culture.
o Between 1450 and 1750, many lasting
characteristics of the eastern European world were formed.
o 14th century- Ivan III gave his
government a military focus.
o Ivan III encouraged Orthodox Christian religion.
o Mongols did not reshaped basic Russian culture -
literacy, however, did declined and the economy became purely agricultural and dependent
on peasant labor.
o Ivan III restored the tradition of centralized
rule.
o Russia had become the “Third Rome.”
o He married the niece of the last Byzantine
emperor, which gave him the chance to assert control over all Orthodox churches
whether in Russia or not.
o Ivan
insisted that Russia had succeeded Byzantium as a third Rome
o Ivan
called himself tsar, or Caesar, the “autocrat of all the Russians”
o Ivan IV continued the policy of expansion
o He also placed greater emphasis on controlling
the tsarist autocracy, earning his nickname (Ivan the Terrible) by killing many
of the Russian nobles, or boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy.
o The
territorial expansion policy focused particularly on central Asia, motivated to
push the former Mongol overlords farther back.
o Pushing
southward toward the Caspian Sea; they also moved east into the Ural Mountains
and beyond.
o Both Ivan
III and Ivan IV recruited peasants to migrate to the newly seized lands,
particularly in the south. These peasant-adventurers, or Cossacks, were Russian
pioneers, combining agriculture with daring military feats on horseback.
o During
the 16th century, the Cossacks not only conquered the Caspian Sea area but also
moved into western Siberia, across the Urals.
o Territorial expansion focused on central Asia.
o Loyal nobles and bureaucrats received land
grants in the territories.
o The conquests gave Russia increased agricultural
regions and labor sources.
o Slavery existed into the eighteenth century.
o Important trading connections opened with Asian
neighbors.
o Russia became a multicultural state.
o The tsars began a policy of carefully managed
contacts with the West.
o During the reign of Ivan IV, British merchants
established trading contacts with Russia, selling manufactured products in
exchange for furs and other raw materials. Soon, Western merchants established
outposts in Moscow and other Russian centers.
o The tsars
also imported Italian artists and architects to design church buildings and the
magnificent royal palace in the Kremlin in Moscow. Producing the ornate,
onion-shaped domes that became characteristic of Russian (and other east
European) churches and creating a distinctive form of classicism.
o When Ivan IV died without an heir early in the 17th
century, the Time of Troubles commenced.
o The boyars tried to control government, while
Sweden and Poland seized territory.
o In 1613, an assembly of boyars chose a member of
the Romanov family as tsar. This family, the Romanov dynasty, was to rule
Russian until the great revolution of 1917.
o The first
Romanov, Michael, reestablished internal order without great difficulty. He
also drove out the foreign invaders and resumed the expansionist policy of his
predecessors. A successful war against Poland brought Russia part of the
Ukraine, including Kiev; in the south, Russia’s boundaries expanded to meet
those of the Ottoman Empire.
o Alexis Romanov, Michael’s successor, abolished
the assemblies of nobles and gained new powers over the Russian church. His
policies resumed the Orthodox tradition of state control over the church.
o Dissident religious conservatives, called Old
Believers, were exiled to Siberia or to southern Russia, where they maintained
their religion and extended Russia’s colonizing activities. The Time of
Troubles ended without placing lasting constraints on the tsar's power.
o Michael restored internal order, drove out the
foreign invaders, and recommenced imperial expansion.
o By the end of the seventeenth century, Russia
was a great land empire.
o Peter I= Peter the Great
o Peter I continued past policies but added new
interests.
o Peter traveled incognito to the West and gained
an interest in science and technology.
o Many Western artisans returned with him to
Russia.
o Peter was an autocratic ruler.
o Reforms were initiated through state decrees.
o Peter increased the power of the state through
recruitment of bureaucrats from outside the aristocracy.
o Traveled
widely in the West, incognito, seeking Western allies for a crusade against
Turkish power in Europe
o Peter
extended an earlier policy of recruiting bureaucrats from outside aristocratic
ranks and giving them noble titles to reward bureaucratic service.
o Peter imitated Western military organization,
creating a specially trained fighting force that put down local militias.
o Set up a secret police to prevent dissent and to
supervise the bureaucracy.
o He
attacked the Ottoman Empire, but he won no great victories.
o warred with Sweden, at the time one of the
leading northern powers in Europe, and gained territory on the eastern coast of
the Baltic Sea, thus reducing Sweden to second rate military status.
o The tsar
commemorated Russia’s shift of interests westward by moving his capital from
Moscow to a new Baltic city that he named St. Petersburg
o Overall, Peter concentrated on improvements in
political organization, on selected economic development, and on cultural
change. He created a more well-defined military hierarchy while developing
functionally specialized bureaucratic departments. He also improved the army’s
weaponry and, with the aid from Western advisors, created the first Russian
navy. He completely eliminated the old noble councils, creating a set of
advisors under his control. The bureaucracy and military were reorganized on
Western principles.
o The 1st Russian navy was created.
o Law codes were systematized and the tax system
reformed to increase burdens on the peasantry.
o In economic affairs, mining industries were
expanded.
o Landlords were rewarded for using serfs in
manufacturing operations.
o Nobles had to shave their beards and dress in
Western style.
o Peter attempted to provide increased education
in mathematics and technical subjects.
o The condition of upper class women improved.
o Several decades of weak rule followed Peter's
death in 1724.
o Significant change resumed during the reign of
Catherine I.
o Catherine
patronized Western-style art and architecture, continuing to build St.
Petersburg in the classical styles popular at the same time in the West and
encouraging leading nobles to tour the West and even send their children to be
educated there.
o But she also tried to avoid cultural influence
from the West. When the great French Revolution broke out in 1789, Catherine
was quick to close Russia’s doors to the “seditious” writings of liberals and
democrats.
o One of the first Western-inspired radicals, a
noble named Radishev, who sought abolition of serfdom and more liberal
political rule, was vigorously harassed by Catherine’s police and his writings
were banned.
o She
resumed campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, winning new territories in
central Asia, including the Crimea, bordering the Black Sea. Catherine
accelerated the colonization of Russia’s holdings in Siberia and encouraged
further exploration claiming the territory of Alaska in Russia’s name. Russian
explorers also moved down the Pacific coast of North America into what is now
northern California, and tens of thousands of pioneers spread over Siberia.
o Russia’s ultimate role in putting down the
French armies of Napoleon after 1812 – the first time Russian troops moved into
the heartland of Western Europe.
o By the time of Catherine’s death in 1796, Russia
had passed through three centuries of extraordinary development. It had won
independence and constructed a strong central state, though one that had to
maintain a balance with the local political and economic interests of a
powerful nobility.
o It had
extended its control over the largest land empire in the world. In the east it
bordered China, where an 18th century Amur River agreement set new frontiers.
o She used the Pugachev peasant rebellion as an
excuse to extend central government authority.
o Catherine was also a Westernizer and brought
Enlightenment ideas to Russia.
o She gave new power over serfs to the nobles in
return for their service in the bureaucracy and military.
o Catherine continued patronage of Western art and
architecture.
o Russian expansionist policies continued.
o Catherine pushed colonization in Siberia and
claimed Alaska.
o Catherine pressed Russia’s interests in Europe,
playing power politics with Prussia and Austria, though without risking major
wars. She increased Russian interference in Polish affairs. The Polish gov.’t
was extremely weak and this invited interest by more powerful neighbors. Russia
was able to win agreements with Austria and Prussia for the partition of
Poland. Three partitions, in 1772, 1793, and 1795, eliminated Poland as an
independent state, and Russia held the lion’s share of the spoils.
o Nobility extremely important
o Two types: Great landowners/absentee owners
living in the cities – westernized VS.
Smaller owners live out in the countryside – less Westernized
o Serfdom: Nobles power over serfs ↑, serfs were mostly
free farmers before, but fell into debt – had to accept servile status to the
noble landowners when they could not repay, retained access to much of land,
but not primary ownership
o gov't encouraged process = gave a way to satisfy
nobility – won’t revolt & was a way to regulate peasants, when bureaucracy
wasn’t effective
o Serf laws: 1649 – fixed hereditary status – born
a serf – can’t escape
o Similarity to slavery: bought and sold, gambled
away, punished by masters
o Differences b/w Slaver & Serfdom: nation
enslaved own people, not outsiders - relied on community ties
o Nobles in Poland, Hungary benefited from system:
supported political control, allowed them to have distinctive/Western life
o Russian grain traded for luxury items for
nobility
o Peter the
Great actively encouraged whole villages sold for manufacturing jobs –
poor/illiterate, paid high taxes/obligations – impossible to escape serfdom
o Catherine the Great created model villages to
show off
o law of 1785 – allowed landlords to punish
harshly any serfs convicted of major crimes/rebellion
o Classes between serfs and landlords – 95%
remained rural => Prevented emergence of merchant class
o Western European merchants lived in Russian
cities/controlled trade
o Russia produced enough revenue to support
expanding state & empire; exported furs/commodities to central Asia –
balanced trade
o significant population growth (surprising
considering harsh climate)
o Limitations of Russia’s social and economic
system: most agricultural methods were highly traditional, no motivation –
extra profit just goes to lord, manufacturing lagged behind w. Europe => Western-oriented
aristocrats push for change – end of 18th century
o peasants – loyal to tsar, but resented lords
=> Peasant Rebellions 17th century onwards - Pugachev rebellion – 1770s – Cossack chieftain – promised end to
serfdom, end to taxation, end to military conscription, & abolition of
landed aristocracy
o rebels eventually put down after roaming
Southern Russia: cut into quarters in Moscow square
o -Russia and Eastern Europe
o -Eastern Europe
o -Changing boundaries
o ↑ embracing of enlightenment/scientific
revolution – contributed scholars -Nationalities
o lose autonomy
o Hungary = part of German Hapsburgs & Czech
part of Hapsburgs = Bohemians
o Decline of Poland: Political aristocrats chose
weak kings on purpose → vetoed reform
efforts → Poland split into three parts
QING DYNASTY OF CHINA (MANCHU)
Geography- large unified areas
- plains, rivers, coastal area, barriers to
north (desert/steppes) and west (mountains)
- large agricultural production
- grand canal (trade) connects Northern (yellow
river) and Southern China (Yanghze River)
- large area so has regional differences
Chinese Culture
- Confucianism dominated until 1949 (then
Communist)- some form of "meritocracy"
- "Sinification" - spread of Chinese
culture not the other way around
- Middle Kingdom- China has dominant culture and
others assimilated to it, not the other way around, even when
"foreigners" conquer it
- Order over freedom- ever since the Era of
Warring States China has valued order in its society, willingness to limit
freedoms and even be ruled by "foreigners" to maintain this
"order"
- "Han Chinese" is a large majority
group- many "minority groups" become Han- other remain and often are
treated unequally
Regional/ Global Power
- dominates eastward and southward (Korea,
Japan, Eastern Southeast Asia) when dynasty is powerful
- large population boom after 1750 (triples
population in 150 years) because of increased life expectancy and better infant
mortality rates, so that it become by far along with India the largest
population in the world. Always is the highly populated area even before that.
- at times becomes insular usually when there
are internal difficulties (Era of Warring States, Era of Three Kingdoms, Second
Half of Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Early Communist Period)
- economic imbalance- China is self-sufficient
and does not need foreign goods or its survival or trade imbalance occurs
Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911)
- aka the Manchus- nomads from the north of
China
- Manchus had the highest positions in government
but kept the civil service exams (Neo- Confucianism)
- maintained China's patriarchal society and
foot-binding
- try to limit Manchu assimilation
- Han Chinese men had to wear a queue braid
- Manchus could not preform manual labor
- intermarriage between the Chinese and Manchus
forbidden
- Chinese could not enter the Manchu homeland
- technological innovation slowed- isolation
started all the way back from Ming dynasty
- by late 18th
century – policies of Ming were outmoded + dangerous
- Chinese society
crumbling within: Chinese people gave way to rampant official corruption,
severe economic dislocations, andsocial unrest by end of 18th century
- Manchu – Nurhaci – 1559 – 1626
ü architect of unity among quarrelsome Manchu
tribes
ü combined cavalry of each tribe into extremely
cohesive fighting units within banner armies
- elite adoption
of Chinese ways
- Manchus were actually
invited in by the Ming to help put down a rebellion => end up invading
Beijing in 1644, and then pushed South, armies forced submission of
nomadic peoples on west, tribute from south Kingdoms => Took on dynasty
name of Qing
- Allowed
Chinese scholar gentry to maintain influence
- Manchus – only
2% of population – clearly took over power
- -Unlike
Mongols, Manchus: retained examination system, had own sons educated in
Chinese classics, “Son of Heaven” – adopted ideology, practiced
traditional Confucian virtues, were patrons of the Chinese arts
- Zhu Xi’s
writings continued to dominate official thinking – respect for rank &
acceptance of hierarchy emphasized in education & imperial edicts
- Extended
family remained as core unit of social order among elite classes – state
grew increasingly suspicious of any forms of social organization (guilds,
secret societies, etc.)
- Women were
confined to household, dominance of elder men upheld by familial pressures
& state.
- Male control
enhanced by practice of choosing brides from families slightly lower in
social status than those of the grooms
- daughters =
less desirable b/c they were considered a “loss” to their parents
(marriage & sizeable dowry) – (indications of female infanticide
increase)
- women of lower
economical class continued to work in fields & sold produce in
markets; mostly men worked
- The most women
hoped to receive was strong backing from her father and brother after her
marriage (moves into husband’s home) and good luck to become the first
wife, not second, thirds, etc. (concubines). if women bores sons, they
could take charge of running the household – in elite families, they could
even exercise control over other women & younger men
- Manchus (after
conquering China) aimed at alleviating the rural distress and unrest that
resulted from the last few years of Ming rule – taxes & state labor
demands ↓, incentives (ex. tax free tenure) were offered to those who were
willing to resettle lands that had been abandoned in turmoil in previous
decades
- Up to 10% of
imperial budget was dedicated to repairing existing dikes, canals,
roadways, & extending irrigation works
- peasants
encouraged to plant new crops (i.e. those w/ market demand) & to plant
2 or 3 crops per year on their holdings
- However, the
growing population pressure on cultivable acreage & near disappearance
in most areas of open lands that could be settled = regime wasn’t very
successful
- landlords
figured out that they could add to their estates by calling in loans to
peasants to peasants or simply by buying them out => surplus of workers
= tenants had less bargaining power w/ landlords – if they objected to the
share of crop the landlords offered, they were turned off the land &
replaced with those who were willing to accept even less => ↑ gap b/w
rural gentry and ordinary peasants & laborers
- wealthy people
rode/were carried in sedan chairs, decked out in silks & furs to make
social calls w/ peers
- men of gentry
class let their fingernails grow long to demonstrate their superiority
(not needing to do any physical labor)
- commercial and
urban expansion – regional diversification of tea, development of new ways
to finance agricultural & artisan production
- until end of
18th century, both state and mercantile class profited from
great influx of silver in payment for exports of tea, porcelain, silk
textiles – EUR traders flocked to Canton & Chinese merchants (freed
from overseas trade restrictions from Ming rule) flocked to overseas
market outlets => profits from overseas trade produced new group of
merchants called compradors
(merchants that specialized in import-export trade on China’s S coast) =
major links b/w China & outside world
- late 18th
century – Qing started to decline due to corruption of exam system: -
cheating & favoritism (bribery of test administrators, substitute test
takers, cheat sheets, etc.) → growing influx of merchants’
& poorly educated landlords’ sons into bureaucracy who didn’t
understand the principles of Confucianism (stressed responsibilities of
educated ruling classes & obligation to serve people) = less &
less concern expressed for effects of bureaucratic decisions on peasantry
& urban laborers
- Over decades,
$ meant for state projects (maintaining army & fleets that defended
empire, public works like dikes) went into pockets of corrupted officials’
families
- Lack of money
for dikes (that confined major Huanghe/Yellow river) → dikes fell into disrepair → flooding of densely populated
farmlands – ex. 1860s: main channel of Huanghe lands of Shandong province
were flooded – farms wiped out, peasants left w/o livestock & land to
farm → A LOT of peasants died of
famine & disease
- food
shortages, landlord demands => mass migrations,↑ beggars & vagabond
bands, ↑ banditry (+ gov.’t unable to enforce law)
- Manchu rulers
& Chinese administrators treated Europeans like barbarians, but were
equally matched - EUR countries were smaller territorially & in
population = better organization & superior technology from scientific
& industrial revolutions
- British
merchants eagerly exported silks, fine porcelains, tea, and etc. - but
were forced to pay in silver = unhappy. Substituted silver with opium (was
grown in China also, but Indian variety=more potent & became great
demand) – early 19th century, A LOT of opium sold
legally/illegally to merchants on S China coast
- Opium War
(1839-1842) - China realized that
opium traffic=major threat to their economy & social order – trade
balance reversed; meaning silver leaked out of China → ↓public works & trade
expansion, agricultural productivity↓, unemployment spread (esp. in
vicinities of coastal trading areas), wealth Chinese (who could afford it)
wasted $ of China to support addiction (estimated that 400 million were
addicted to this drug)
- Opium dens
spread in the towns & villages at alarming rate – officials suffering
from effects of drug neglected admin. duties, sons of prominent
scholar-gentry families lost ambition, laborers & peasants abandoned
work
- early 18th
century – Qing emperors issued edicts forbidding opium traffic, but not
much was done to enforce them, measures taken in early 1820s drove opium
dealers from Canton to nearby islands & other hidden locations on
coast
- late 1830s –
emperor sent one of the most distinguished officials Lin Zexu to deal with the problem – ordered European trading
areas in Canton blockaded, warehouses searched, and all opium confiscated
& destroyed
- British argued
that Lin’s measures violated both property rights of merchants &
principles of free trade – British ordered Chinese to stop anti-opium
campaigns => Lin persisted & law broke out in 1839
- Chinese 1st
routed at sea (antiquated war junks = no match for British gunboats)
- With British
warships & armies threatening Yangtze river region, Qing emperor
forced to sue for peace &
exiled Lin
- EUR victories
in Opium War & 2nd conflict in 1850s → China forced to open trade
& domestic exchanges. Hong Kong was established as an additional
center of British commerce
- EUR trade
permitted at 5 other ports, where Europeans were given land to build more
warehouses & living quarters
- Treaty of 1842
made no references to opium trade, after China’s defeat opium poured
unchecked into China
- By mid-19th
century, China’s foreign trade & customs were overseen by British
officials – careful to ensure that EUR nationals had favored access to
China’s markets & no protective tariffs were established by Chinese
- Chinese forced
to accept EUR ambassadors at Qing court – ambassadors viewed as spies
& exchange of diplomatic missions = concession that EUR was equal in
stature to China
JAPAN – TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
Defense Against EUR Expansion
o By 16th century - recurring civil war
& daimyo (feudal lords who were vassals of the shogun) stale mate = aspect
of Japanese society → succession of three military leaders that needed to
restore unity & internal peace
o Nobunga (military leader) from minor warrior household
– “ruthless” – one of the 1st daimyos to make extensive use of the
firearms acquired from Portuguese in 1540s
o 1573, deposed last of last of Ashikaga shoguns
& By 1580 unified most of Honshu under his command
o 1582 died b/c he was caught off guard by one of
his vassal generals and was killed when the Kyoto temple was burned to ground
o Toyotomi
Hideyoshi (Nobunga’s ablest
general) punished people who betrayed Nobunga & renewed drive to break
power of daimyos who haven’t submitted to him – became military master of Japan
by 1590
o dreamed of ruling China & even India –
threatened Spanish in the Philippines
o launched 2 attacks on Korea in 1592 & 1597 –
initial success, but both campaigns stalled -
1st ended in defeat & 2nd was still in
progress when Hideyoshi dies in 1598
o Although Hideyoshi tried to ensure that he would
be succeeded by his son, vassals he appointed fought to seize power – victor =
Tokugawa Ieyasu (from minor daimyo house) became powerful b/c ally of Hideyoshi
=> able to build powerful domain o heavily populated Kanto plain – triumphed
in warfare resulting from Hideyoshi’s death – didn’t continue Hideyoshi’s
overseas expansion, concentrated on consolidating power in Japan itself
o Tokugawa Ieyasu granted title of shogun in 1603
by emperor = beginning of long rule of Tokugawa Shogunate
o remaining daimyos reorganized, Tokugawa family
ruled most of lands of Honshu from Edo (Tokyo)
or held by daimyos allied w/ the shoguns
o Many of the outlying or vassal daimyos retained
their domains, but they were closely controlled & required to pledge
allegiance to the shogun.
Ø Tokugawa’s victory = end of civil wars &
provided political unity of islands
o Since 1543 (Portuguese sailors washed up on the
shore of Kyushu island) ↑ EUR traders & missionaries visited islands –
bought Japanese goods produced mainly in India, China, & SE Asia and
exchanged them for silver, copper, potter ware & lacquer ware - *brought
firearms, printing presses, & other W devices like clocks
Ø FIREARMS = revolutionized Japanese warfare &
contributed much to victories of the unifiers – able to manufacture &
improve designs later on
o Commercial contact w/ EUR encouraged Japanese to
trade in nearby Formosa & Korea & even Philippines & Siam
o Missionaries (ex. Francis Xavier) tried to
convert Japanese to Roman Catholicism – began w/ outylign daimyos →
political center around Nobunga
o Nobunga saw that Christianity = counterforce to
militant Buddhist orders that were resisting his rise to power – took
missionaries under protection & encouraged missionary work
o Jesuits believed that they were winning over
Nobunga who liked W dress, W art, & who encouraged building of churches –
many converts to Christianity – but when Nobunga was murdered, missionary work
↓ & Hideyoshi wasn’t as comfortable w/ W influence b/c he saw that some
converts refused to obey overlords when they saw that the commands conflicted
w/ newly adopted Christian beliefs
o Threat of new religion became more apparent
& signs of EUR wanting to follow missionary work & trade with military
expeditions => ISOLATION
o 1616 – foreign traders confined to a handful of
cities
o 1630s all Japanese ships forbidden to trade or
even sail overseas
o 1640s – only limited # of Dutch & Chinese
ships allowed to carry on commerce on the small island of Deshima in Nagaski Bay
o export of silver & copper greatly restricted,
W books banned to prevent Christian ideas from reentering country, foreigners
permitted to only live & travel in very limited areas
o ISOLATION : 1)
ordered Christian missionaries to leave islands (but not rigorously enforced)
in late 1580s 2) mid-1590s: active persecution of Christian
missionaries & converts – Ieyasu continued
3)
EUR missionaries driven out of islands, those who remained were hunted down
& killed
4)
Converts compelled to renounce fate, those that refused were imprisoned, tortured,
executed =>
intensified persecution of those who tried to practice faith in secret –
thousands of converts in W regions joined forces in hopeless rebellions against
local daimyos & forces of shogun
o mid-17th century: total isolation,
further consolidation of control of Tokugawa Shogunate by extending
bureaucratic administration into vassal daimyos’ domains throughout islands
o mid-18th century: revival of
neo-Confucian philosophy – gave way to ↑influence of thinkers who championed
school of National Learning (education w/ great emphasis on Japan’s unique
historical experience & revival of indigenous culture at expense of Chinese
imports such as Confucianism
Ø Women in Japan had strong positions, could
inherit property, protected from physical violence, continued living in their
birth home even after marriage, received education – BUT husbands could have
numerous wives & marriages could be arranged
EVENTS
1400s
1462 Much of Russia
freed from Tatars by Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
1480 Moscow region
free; Russian expansion presses south
1500s
1533 – 1584 Ivan VI
(Ivan the Terrible), first to be called tsar, boyar power reduced
1552 – 1556 Russian
expansion in c. Asia, western Siberia
1573 End of the
Ashikaga Shogunate
1573 – 1620 Reign
of the Wanli emperor
1580s Jesuits
arrive in China
1590 Hideyoshi
unifies Japan
1592 1st
Japanese invasion of Korea
1597 2nd
Japanese invasion of Korea
1600s
1603 Tokugawa
Shogunate established
1604 – 1613 Time of
Troubles
1613 – 1917 Romanov
dynasty
1614 Christianity
banned in Japan
1637 Russian
pioneers to Pacific
1640s Japan moves
into self-imposed isolation
1641 Dutch confined
to Deshima Island off Nagaski1644 Nomadic Manchus put an end to Ming dynasty;
Manchu Qing dynasty rules China
1644 Manchu nomads
conquer China; Qing dynasty rules
1649 Law enacted
making serfdom hereditary
1664 – 1722 Reign
of the Kangxi emperor in China
1689 – 1725 Peter
the Great
1700s
1700 Qing conquest
of Mongolia
1700 – 1721 Wars
with Sweden (Russia)
1703 Founding of
St. Petersburg
1736 – 1799 Reign
of Qianlong emperor in China
1798 British
embassy to Qianlong emperor in China
1762 – 1796
Catherine the Great
1773 – 1775
Pugachev revolt
1772, 1793, 1795
Partition of Poland
1785 Law enacted
tightening landlord power over serfs
1800s
1839 – 1841 Opium
War in China
1850 – 1864 Taiping
rebellion in Chin
IMPORTANT PEOPLE TO
KNOW:
Catherine the Great
- Lived 1729- 1796
- also known as Catherine II
- expanded Russian empire, improved
administration, created Legislative Commission of 1767
- promoted "westernization" and
Enlightenment
- succeeded husband (Peter III) 1762
Peter the Great/ I
- May 30th, 1672- 1725
- lived in Moscow
- tried to "modernize Russia/ reformed
Russia (simplified alphabet, centralized economy, introduced universal
taxation)
- built new capital: St. Petersburg "window
to Western World" and moved army there
- expanded empire through wars with Ottoman
Empire and Sweden
Emelian Pugachev
- 1742-1775
-
Lived in Zimoveiskaya, Russia
- He took the role of Czar Peter III and led a
peasant rebellion against Catherine II (was struck by bitterness because he saw
the status and treatment of the low class) 678=-0-1773-75
Ivan the Terrible
- 1530-1584
- Lived in Moscow, Russia
- conquered Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia
(expanded Russia)
- called himself "Tsar"
- fought the boyars (lowered their power)
- killed his son by an iron rod, beat his
daughter-in-law because she was wearing inappropriate clothing, married many
wives and killed them
Nurhaci
- 1559-1626
- Ruler of the Jin dynasty
- Unified Jurchen Tribes through warfare and
diplomacy
- Established the eight banners (military
divisions for the Manchu military organization)
- Credited with the creation of the Manchu
writing system in 1599
- Goal was to conquer the Ming dynasty
- Ruthless leader
- His son Huang Taiji, later renamed the dynasty
the "Qing"
Matteo Ricci
- 1552-1610
- Born in Macerata, Italy
- first Westerner to spend his life in China
(allowed into the Forbidden City)
- was a Jesuit priest- introduced Christianity
to China
- shared European math (trigonometry) and
astronomical tools with the Chinese
- wrote a book on memorization system
Tokugawa Ieyasu
- January 31, 1543- June 1, 1616
- lived in Okazaki, Japan
- made shogun in 1603
- After defeating West Army in 1600, he
recerived land and was the new military leader of Japan
- sent away as a kid as a peace offering
- when his friend, Nobunga, dies he receives his
land and his son
Zhu Xi
- 1130-120
- Born in Fujian Province in China
- mainly stayed in China
- biggest interest was in the field of
Confucianism
- four most analects: Lanya, Mengzi, Daxue and
Zhang Yong- greatest achievement was that he brought back interest in
Confucianism
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