CLASS NOTES
o
Cold War: Both USA & USSR fight for
“dominance” and want to control the 3rd world – Battle of
Ideological Differences
o
USA wants containment – limiting USSR influence.
o
Responses that are simultaneous: NATO/Warsaw
Pact, Olympics boycotts, Space Race (Sputnik & Moon), Truman
Doctrine/Brezhnev Doctrine
o
Indirect War: Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, etc.
o
*USA has economic advantage
v FRA’s
Charles De Gaulle of 5th French Republic made FRA a nuclear power
v USSR
falls b/c economy deteriorates: communism lacks incentives & Cold War used
up $
v Clement
Atlee & Labor Party (1945 – 1951) : GBR in great debt, so GBR loses
territory (ex. India)
Early Cold War (1947-1970) - Reconstruction
EAST
|
ARMS RACE (NUCLEAR WEAPONS)
→ ←
|
WEST
|
Eastern
Bloc
“Iron
Curtain”
-Goal:
spread Communism
-espionage:
KGB
|
US
& Western Democracies
-Goal:
contain Communism
- CIA
|
o
Marshal
Plan
1948: US provides aid to all countries that need it
o
Berlin Wall(1961), Berlin Blockade/ Airlift
(1948-1949)
o
Arms race: USSR develops atomic bomb in 1949
o
Premier Nikita Khrushchev & De-Stalinization
Program
o
Mao’s Revolution: 1949 – China becomes Communist
o
Korean War (1950-1953)
o
‘Domino Theory” – Communism spreads: CHN → KOR ®
Vietnam???
o
Suez Crisis 1956-1957) –Egypt gains independence
® Egypt
vs. GBR, FRA, Israel – didn’t tell USA (USA got angry)
o
Radio Free EUR/ Radio Liberty – W. EUR set up
radio broadcasting to reach people behind iron curtain
o
Hungarian Uprising 1956 - Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister wants free
elections
o
Nixon & Khrushchev “Kitchen Debates” (1959) @ Hardware store –
Nixon boasts technology & Khrushchev scorns capitalism
o
U-2 Spy incident - USA spy plane shot down over USSR air space
o
1961 – JFK meets with Khrushchev, Berlin Wall
built
o
Khrushchev
& Fidel Castro – Cuban Revolution – Cuba becomes Communist – Bay of
Pigs Debacle (1961): US can’t tolerate Communism so close – fails
o
Cuban Missile Crisis – USSR bring missiles into
Cuba “aimed” @ US – USSR has to back down in 1962
o
Vietnam War 1965 – 1973 – North (Led by Ho Chi
Minh supported by USSR & CHN) wins vs. South (USA , FRA) – Ho Chi Minh not
really a communist, just a freedom fighter)
o
Prague Spring: Czechoslovakia wants
independence, fails
o
European Union
ü 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs
& Trade (GATT) ü
currency: Euro
ü23
nations at first üpromote
integration ® European Economic Community
1957
üHQ in
Brussels, Belgium üTreaty
of Rome
üEuropean
Union – 1992 – “Frontier-free EUR”
o
UNITED NATIONS since 1945
ü maintain
international peace and security
ü principle
of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
ü achieve
international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural, or humanitarian character – International law
I.
General Assembly
II.
Security Council (perm. members: USA, GBR, FRA,
RUS, CHN)
III.
International Court of Justice
IV.
Economic & Social Council
V.
Trusteeship Council
VI.
Secretariat
Real Politik:
(coined by Bismarck) policies based on reality, not ideals
Sovereignty:
ultimate authority
1947
Afghanistan-USSR troops invaded Afghanistan – Communist Karmal seizes
gov.’t ® US
backs Muslim guerilla fighters ® 1988
USSR leaves
1980 – Solidarity - Lech Walesa led massive strikes @ Lenin shipyards in POL ® strikes
spread ® Solidarity movement ® USSR
recognized unions
Star
Wars 1983 Defense sys. of laser in outer space (sci-fi)
1985 Gorbachev: final leader/premier of
Communist USSR, reforms ® perestroika (economic
reforms enabling some capitalism) + glasnost (more free expression &
criticism of gov.’t)
1987
INF: Reagan & Gorbachev save $
1989
Berlin Wall falls, Gorbachev renounced Brezhnev doctrine & opened Hungary’s
borders to Austria
1990 GER
unifies to become the Federal Republic of GER (USA, USSR, GBR, FRA, 2 GERs
agreed to end Allied occupational rights)
1990
Fall of USSR: Gorbachev’s reforms made some upset ® coup
led by military generals ® kidnap Gorbachev (held
in own office) ® generals want to restore
Communism’s might ® troops listened to gov’t
instead ® went to save Gorbachev ® people
march for freedom & troops don’t suppress them ® Yeltsin
frees Gorbachev & Communist gov.’t falls when Gorbachev resigns &
Yeltsin is elected as 1st President
After
Fall of USSR: former communist leaders privatize industries that used to belong
to USSR- Russian oligarchs take over & democracy becomes corrupt ® Putin
tries to eliminate corruption after gaining power by promoting “nationalistic
pride” – more strict control ® USSR
territories shrink b/c countries like Lithuania, Belarus, Romania, etc. declare
independence
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Western Society and Eastern Europe in the
Decades of the Cold War
o
After World War II
a)
Soviets create empire that dominates E. EUR b)
W. EUR recovers not totally dominant c)
US- from isolationist => international
o
Cold War - democratic capitalism vs. communism →Led to
alliances and arms race
o
Western Europe
ü Turned
to service based economy
ü Social
transformation > more roles for women
ü Democracy
had firm roots - unlike decades before
ü EUR
started to work together- not as independent nationalistic nations
o
Soviet Union turns industrialist a)New world role b) Science exploration &
sports achievement
After
World War II: International Setting for the West
I.
Infrastructure of Europe destroyed – bombings
II.
Boundary changes + forced labor = refugees
III.
USSR and USA size/industrial strength dwarf
European nation-states
Europe
and Its Colonies
o
2 major changes - decolonization and cold war
ü Colonies - Only maintainable
at a high cost -
French finally give up Vietnam in 1954 - costly defeats
- French finally give up Algeria in 1962 -
almost civil war - Most
independence achieved peacefully
- France/Belgium actually intervened/helped later - West continues to
economically exploit Africa
>>Decolonization's
Effect on Europe:
-
Returning settlers ticked off -
Europe's role in world affairs minimal
-
Suez Canal crisis of 1956 symbolic shift - war
ends only after US and USSR end it -
Europe goes on without colonies
The Cold
War
o
Lines drawn immediately after WWII
ü Eastern
bloc emerges a) Soviet
troops remained b)Communist
gov’ts amazingly elected
c) USSR
gets more Western lands d) base in
East Berlin - Soviets in ♥ of W. Europe
o
US and Britain respond
ü Churchill
claims iron curtain has descended - free/repressed - Britain no power to defend
views
ü US takes
more active stance - having bomb helps:
(a) Refuses
loans to rebuild E. EUR (b) Gives $ to
Iran, TUR, Greece to avoid communism (c) Marshall
Plan - tons of $ to W. EUR
>>US
now has tons of influence
o
Focal point in early years - Germany
ü US wants
to build economically successful W. Germany - combat commies
ü US tries
to stabilize GER currency - USSR bitter at US for being nice
→ a) Cuts
off all roads into Berlin - even West Berlin b)
US responds with Berlin Airlift
ü NATO created - W. Europe plus
Canada - Military alliance rearms W. Germany - Goal - combatting communism
ü USSR
responds with Warsaw Pact and gets
the bomb
o
Cold War effects on W. Europe
ü US
influences policy of Europe a) Larger
military budgets for FRA/GBR b)
Rearm W. Germany
Why
listen to US? a) Hold rebuilding $ b)US stationed troops throughout EUR c) Protected by nuclear umbrella
o
USSR scared W. Europe - Even sent money to ferment
communist movements
o
Cold War issues move to Middle East and East
Asia after 1950s
a) France
pulls out of NATO - Britain/US in power b)W.
GER wants to reopen trade with Eastern bloc in 1970s
c) US
military power ↑, allowing EUR to devalue military d) EUR puts values on civilian
values/goals - US paying the tab
The
Resurgence of Western Europe
o
Europe made progress post WWII
a)
Extended democratic sys. b)
Modifying nation-state rivalries c)
Rapid economic growth (solved gender/social problems)
The
Spread of Liberal Democracy
o
Notion of revolution faded: Fascism proved a
failure & Communists started working within the system
o
Focus became government planning for welfare
o
New West Germany - Federal Republic of Germany -Combined 3 zones, new gov't outlawed
extremist political movements
o
New European gov'ts had universal suffrage - and
women- nations remain stable - Only FRA gets new constitution – 1958, Spain/Portugal
democratize when dictators die ***Most similar government systems in history of
Europe
The
Welfare State
o
Shift leftward in political spectrum
o
New parties after WWII push for welfare: GBR - Labour Party; FRA/Italy - Christian
Democrats
o
US tentative to adopt welfare wholesale →Added to
Roosevelt's New Deal - Great Society
ü Welfare
programs
Unemployment
insurance
Medical
care - state funded insurance - State run medical facilities
Family
assistance - $ if you have children
Public
housing - Britain - "council housing" - mixes classes
>>
Changes welfare state brings:
²Citizens
don't have to worry about huge expenses ²Improved
health
²Poor can
still make purchases ²Interaction
between gov.t and individual
²Government
bureaucracy gets huge/expensive:
a) Technocrat - engineering/economics
trained civil servant b)Military
spending goes down
²Governments
gain more control of economy
a) Create
long term/short term economic plans b)
Decided where $ went from state banks c)
Helped determine path of agriculture
Political
Stability and the Question Marks
o
1960s had massive demonstrations - race/student
ü Materialism
ü Civil
rights legislation + police repression - Almost revolution in France
ü Feminism - economic equality and
dignity
ü Green movement - Hostile
to uncontrolled economic growth
o
Economic growth slowed - leads to new governments
* Margaret Thatcher/Ronald Reagan
cut back welfare
The
Diplomatic Context
o
EUR tried to deal w/traditional problems: a) French-German
tension b)Christian-Democrat
movement - push for harmony
o
US Marshall Plan encourages Europe to reconsider
tariffs
o
France/Germany begin discussing linking up- tie
Germany's economy internationally - they won't fight
o
1958 W. GER, FRA, ITA, BEL, LUX, Netherlands
form EUR Econ. Community, Common
Market - Today called European Union
²Tariffs
reduced for interstate trade ²Uniform
tariff policy for outside Europe
²Court
system in Brussels, Belgium to solve disputes ²Economic
fund to encourage financial growth
² Failed
attempts to have single gov’t ² Arguments
sometimes over agricultural policy
² 2001 -
single currency – Euro ² Other
nations gradually join - even proud British
>>
Nationalistic tensions die off - currently in longest periods of peace
Economic
Expansion -Long period of economic expansion
o
Welfare state gives more purchasing power
o
Agricultural product becomes extremely efficient
- technocrat driven (N. America farming still more efficient > high tariffs)
o
Weapons, appliances, automobiles
o
GNP growth surpasses US
o
Based on technological change
o
Changing workforce: a)Less industrial jobs -
turns post-industrial b)Service-based
jobs
- teachers,
clerks, medical personnel
- insurance,
bank workers, performers
- "leisure
industry" personnel
c) Low
unemployment - single digits - demand for low-skilled labor comes from
immigrants
d) Per
capita disposable income increases
o
↑Household appliances, TVs,
shopping malls, efficient, huge stores replace traditional specialty shops
o
Advertisement huge in US - TV advertising -
commercial based compared to EUR which had fewer commercials - state-owned
o
Goal becomes combining efficient work with
indulgent leisure
o
Negatives of expansion a)Inflation - demand outstrips production
b) Immigrants
- "guest workers" living on subsistence wages
c) Economic inequality - income
gap increases
o
Europe's economic success = social reform +
global involvement
Cold War
Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Less
social innovation because less crisis from first 1/2 of century
US takes
dominant military lead in alliances
Other
nations - Canada, Australia, New Zealand attach selves
The
Former Dominions
o
Canada begins to worry about US
investments/dominance of resources
ü 1988 -
sign free trade agreement
üQuebec
wants regional autonomy, limited English
ü1982 -
new constitution - more power to provinces
o
AUS/New Zealand moved away from GBR, toward US
militarily - supported KOR War/Viet War mainly for Cold War, anti-communist
purposes
o
1980s/1990s move away
o
Investment/trade focused around Pacific
o
Increasing immigration from Asian countries - Against
Asians at first, white-only immigration
The
"U.S. Century"
²US steps
up to dominate internationally ²Britain
unable to defend militarily ²USSR
expansion
²Truman
Doctrine – US protect peoples from Communism ²Marshall
Plan to rebuild Western Europe
²Both
parties agreed to this policy initially
o
US policy changes
A) Red
scare in 1950s B) Defense Department
- 1947 - increased budget C) CIA
worldwide information gathering - spies
D) Containment
policy - let Communism go no further E)
Sets up alliances with various Middle Eastern/Asian nations
F) US
supports non-communist regimes even when sometimes they're bad guys (Military
regimes or dictators)
G) Attempted
to keep Vietnam from going Communist – but even after tons of bombs and dead
people - still communist
o
New policies after Vietnam - Can guerilla's
stalemate US military?
²Reagan/Bush
reemphasizes weapons/military - interventionist policy
²Involved
in Grenada, Middle East terrorists, Saddam Hussein
²Some
resented America's huge military/economic role, but what is option B?
Culture
and Society in the West
o
Social Structure
a) Workers,
property less, but have more buying power b)
Social mobility possible – white-collar jobs possible
c) Unskilled
labor goes to immigrants d)
Peasants became commercial
*However
tensions still exist
Changes
a) Middle
class have more leisure options b)
Crime rate goes up c)
Race/immigrant riots ↑
The
Women's Revolution
ü Family
relations changed üLeisure
activities increase üTelephone/automobile
– new contacts w/ extended family
üImportance
of parents declines – peers become more important
o
Women take on new role in working world
üService
jobs available to men/women – strength irrelevant
üEntry
into workforce to buy consumer goods
üNew
trend – women sphere separate from work sphere not possible
üGains in
higher education – women stay away from science/math
üGains in
right to vote
üWomen
can regulate birth rate – the pill, abortion
üDemographic
shifts: a)Brief baby boom after
WWII, then decline in birth rate
b) Want
income for higher consumer purchases
c) Children
go to day care at earlier age
d)Family
satisfaction not kid centered, but marriage centered
e) Divorce rates ↑–
women’s work, legal freedom, changing roles=> impoverished women that
combine work w/ child care
o
New
Feminism
a) Want
literal equality, no specific domain, roles b)Some
value family, some not - main point is they want choice
Western
Culture
o
Cultural focus shifts to US: (a) “Brain drain” –
top scientists lured to facilities, salaries of US (b) $ related to art – US
has more $ for art
o
Europe still has role
a) DNA
and human genome work (Watson & Crick) b)
Nuclear research c)
Space research w/ resulting satellites
Modern
art
Public
begins to gradually accept this new art, though they prefer old
New
forms of sculpture – abstract
New art
– combining consumer culture w/ art
Art
films more from Europe
o
New research: a) America takes lead in economics
b) Social history –
history from the eyes of civil society institutions
A Lively
Popular Culture
o
“Coca-cola-nization” of Europe – spread clothes,
food, films
o
US TV far more attractive – has a ton more money
to make quality TV
o
British music comes to dominate – Beatles - Unconventional
color/cut – punk styles
o
Relaxed views of sexuality: Sex shops & premarital
sex more common
o
Some negative reaction – pop culture dulls
senses, forget real problems (But nothing like Nazi book burning, ultra
conservative) >>Increased Western influence of the world
The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe (as
Superpower)
>Evolution
of Domestic Policies
Soviet
Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions
o
New policies of Soviet Union
o
Focused on industrialization
o
Reached out for direct loyalty of people
o
More culturally focused than under church-state
tsar situation (though their cultural focus was anti-religion)
-
No church services to under 18 - Schools preached
religion as superstition
-
Anti-Semitism still strong - Muslims
given most freedom *Only elderly
still interested in church
o
Scientific/Marxist focus
ü
Scientists highly respected üResearch
heavily funded
üDirection/research
determined by gov’t – want applied science üLinked
to weaponry/aerospace
üArt/literature
must follow party line üAttack
western styles – decadent
üClassical
arts – rigid standards of excellence üLiterature
may anger gov’t (Still discussed patriotism))
üEducation
system – technicians, bureaucrats, propaganda state üFear of cultural pollution
material always present
Economy
and Society
o
Rapid industrialization/urbanization
o
Key features of E. EUR: a)State control
of all economic sectors
b)More
heavy industrial goods than consumer goods
-
Didn’t receive research funding
-
Consumers had few options
-
Not enough money to fund military and consumer
goods
-
Common complaints about lack of goods and long
lines
o
Environmental damage: a) Agricultural mining – ¼
of Russia b)Industrialization
air/water pollution
o
Agricultural backwardness
ü No money
for more advanced farm equipment
ü Weather
made it difficult
ü Constraints
+ lack of incentive = why work harder ® larger
# of people stay farmers – inefficient
o
Similarities to Western society
ü Work
rhythm/cycle mirrored West
ü Incentive
systems
ü Entertainment
– sports (part of
political/propaganda program)
>>East
Germany/USSR dominated w/ state sponsored programs
o
Social structure: Urban areas divided by class –
workers vs. white collar, middle class – but wealth divisions not as great
o
Demographic similarities
üBirth
rate↓ üEducation
+ more consumer products üWartime
dislocations
üsome
minority groups had high rates – Muslims üFalling
infant death rates
o
Child rearing: Important, but more discipline
than West, Emphasis on authority
o
Women: Still worked, performed heavy tasks, larger
role in medicine, Soviet propaganda champions role of women
De-Stalinization
o
System held together after Stalin’s death
a)Bureaucratic
experience b)Resistance
to strike out in radical new direction c)Ruling
committee replaces Stalin
o
Nikita
Khruschev
ü Condemned
Stalin for dictatorship/arbitrary rule
a) Treatment
of political opponents b)
Narrow treatment/misunderstanding of Marxism c)Poor
preparation for WWII
ü Though
it looked like time of change, not must changed - Critics – trials not as
server, nor punishments
ü Downfall:
Fails to open Siberia to agriculture & offends many by insulting Stalin
o
Cold War policy – “we will bury you”
§ Tests
limits of cold war – Cuban Missile Crisis
§ Soviet
space program threatens US
§ Cold war
tensions go down – tourism/exchanges up
§ Steady
military build-up
o
After Khrushchev things stay mellow but agriculture
worsens – have to import from US
o
New foreign policy problems
Frustration
with China
Relation
with Egypt – friends then foes
Muslims
want more control
Afghanistan
takeover failed – wanted Muslim puppet regime
o
Quality of goods, worker incentive dropped
Bureaucratized/centralized
plans – feel like you have no power
Increased
rates of alcoholism
Youth
getting annoyed – want access to Western culture
o
World didn’t see how bad things were getting - 1980s
economy falling apart: Pressure from Reagan & misplaced priorities
o
Downfall of USSR leaves huge questions of
stability
The Cold
War and the World
o
Importance of Cold War
üKey role
in decolonization and nationalism üSome
nations could play US/USSR against each other to gain
Similarities
b/w USA & USSR
ü Both
secular
ü Challenged
traditional roles
ü Sold
weapons around the world
ü Created
system of hatred/fear/lack of tolerance of outside world
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