INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CLASS NOTES:
1.
Tennis Court Oath
2.
Great Fear- Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 (nobility flees or is
killed)
3.
National Convention- Reign of Terror (1792-1794)
- King Louis XVI captured trying to
escape
- foreign armies prepare for war
- Sans Culotte (urban workers) gain
power: Jacobins
- Robespierre: committee of Public
Safety (approximately 200,000 deaths)
4.
Napoleon- defeat foreign forces: 1st citizen draft
POLITICAL
SPECTRUM
Anarchy-
absence of governmentTotalitarian- of or pertaining to a centralized government that does not tolerate parties
Extremism- tendency or disposition to go to extremes; any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies
Moderate- opposition of extreme views and actions
Communism- a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by one political party
Fascism- government led by a dictator exercising aggressive nationalism and often racism
Left Wing- more liberal or radical part of a group or party
Right Wing- more conservative or reactionary part of a group/ party
Liberal- a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution
Conservative- a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes
Democrat- system of government led by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
Republican- system which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president
Socialist- theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
Tea Party- protest; a conservative political movement in the U.S. that opposes taxes and government spending
Jacobins- a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution; a radical society of revolutionaries
Girondists- a member of the moderate republican political party
Ideas
of the Enlightenment/ French Revolution
-
increase in freedom (voting rights)
-
natural rights: basic things all humans are born with that cannot be taken away
(life, liberty, property: John Locke)
-
decrease in monarch and replaced by an increase in democracy (increase of
bourgeoisie power)
Napoleon
Bonaparte
-
general who gains popularity during the French Revolution
-
great strategist who protects France from foreign invaders during the French
Revolution and then conquers much of Europe when he rises to power
-
initially viewed as someone who would expand the ideals of the Enlightenment
and the French Revolution and does may practices to prove this
-
eventually practices many things that the French Revolution opposed (like
declaring himself Emperor and putting family members on the throne)
-
European powers (led by Great Britain) gang up and eventually conquer him
-
returns to power after exile for 100 days only to be defeated once again at the
Battle Waterloo
-
comes to power in 1799
-
went from directory -> "First Consul" -> emperor
-
creates Concordant of 1801: church was oppressed under the French government,
but combines church + state
-Pope
Pius VII renounced the Concordant and Napoleon arrests the Pope
-
Lycee Sys. of Education- not public,
but enrolled the most talented students who had to pay tuition, but some
peasants got scholarships
-
Code Napoleon: everyone is equal;
civil law divides to personal status, property (John Locke)
o
The Reactionaries (conservatives)
kept power in the first half of the 1800s by cooperating working together and
not fighting.
Liberals
(1/2 of 19th century)
Members:
professionals, middle class, exclusion from government
Political:
limit arbitrary power of government against individuals, Constitution, legal
equality, religious toleration
Economic:
Free Enterprise (laissez faire) end feudalism
Status:
merit = wealth + ability
Conservatives
(1/2 of 19th century)(reactionaries): Metternich,
Castlereagh, Czar Alexander, Talleyrand, Prussian
Members:
aristocracy, wealthy, merchants, inclusion in government
Political:
constitutional monarchy, absolutism, aristocratic beliefs
Economic:
Mercantilism
Status:
birthright
o
alliances (quadruple alliance, German
confederation of 39 states (led by Austria) to control Poles, Italians,
Non-Austrian Germans)
o
suppression of freedoms (ex:
Carlsbad decrees)
o
military interventions vs.
nationalism (ex: 1819 Peterloo in Great Britain, 1820-3 Spain vs. King
Ferdinand with liberals suppressed. 1820-21 revolt in Naples put down by
Austrians, 1825 Russia revolt to protest reactionary autocrat liberals, 1821-32
Greek independence vs Ottoman Empire which upsets "balance of power"
nationalism seems stronger than monarchies)
o
concessions to liberals (1830
overthrow Bourbon king, Charles X and Louis Philippe made king as new liberal
"citizen king," more French can vote in Council of Deputies, 1830
Poland demand for national autonomy liberals crushed and further Russification
imposed)
Nationalism
mid
1700s: UK, USA
late
1700s: France
early
1800s: Latin America/ Australia
late
1800s: Western Europe
early
1900s: Eastern Europe
mid
1900s: East Asia/ South Asia
late
1900s: Africa
1.
Practical
-
government -language
-
laws - religion
-
birth -army
2.
Romanticism
-
evokes an emotional response
-
beliefs - flag
-
freedoms - holidays
-
pledge (God) - mythology
TRUE
NATIONALISM HAVE ARMIES
Germany
unification: 1871
Italy
unification: few months before Germany (Oct. 2, 1870)
Industrial
Revolution: a dramatic change where machines do
the large majority of the work needed by humans
First
Industrial Revolution: mid 1700s, machines are used
and factories are built to produce textiles (clothing and linen)→ First in
England then expands to France and the rest of Western Europe
Second
Industrial Revolution: early to mid-1800s machines
used to advance communication and transportation. This is truly what we think
of as an industrial revolution today
POWERPOINT
ANSWERS:
-
Foreign armies tried to stop the
spread of the French Revolution because the king, church, and nobles didn’t
want to lose their powers, so they sent armies to stop the revolution, trying
the prevent revolutions in their nation.
-
200,000 French citizens killed
during the Reign of Terror (mostly peasants)
-
Role of the Robespierre and
Committee of Public Safety: makes sure that the enemies of the French
revolution are stopped (use of guillotine)
-
The Reign of Terror was stopped when
Napoleon defeated the foreign armies that were against the revolution
-
4 changes that Napoleon instituted:
o
Lycee Education system- not public
(had to pay tuition) but since it enrolled the most talented students, it gave
some scholarships to the peasants
o
Concordat of 1801- church oppressed
under French government, but combines church and stateàhad the Pope arrested when he
renounced the Concordat
o
Napoleonic code- everyone is equal;
civil law is divided to personal status and property
o
Continental system- blockades made
against Great Britain to stop trade with them (did not succeed because Britain
can trade with its colony: India)
-
Napoleon gained military victories
in the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Spain, Italy, and Portugal
-
Napoleon lost power by:
o
Attacking Russia, but doesn’t work
because it’s too far, cold, and large
o
Many die from disease and
starvation: went from 100,000 troops to 40,000
o
1813: retreats to France and is
attacked by everyone
-
Napoleon’s 100 Days
o
Exiled to the Island of Elbo
o
Becomes emperor again (called the
100 Days), but is defeated again in the Battle of Waterloo
-
Napoleon’s reputation in France
remains popular - brought back a hero
after his death
-
Battle of Trafalgar: Naval War
Britain vs France (British won)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Revolution- a drastic change
They are more quicker in “dramatic” changes - Enlightenment ideals: “natural rights”- basic
things all humans deserve for just being human and it is nature that
provides these things
- In the 1600s, these
European countries controlled:
- Great
Britain controlled North America
- France controlled Louisiana Purchase; Central
North America
Russia controlled West North
America- The Netherlands controlled Central America;
West South America
- Spain controlled Central America
- Portugal controlled the Caribbean; Central
South America
- Causes of the American
Revolution:
- A
growing sense of patriotism (nationalism)
- Britain’s mounting debt - colonialism was
about leaving the colonies alone, now need to raise money
- Colonial merchants desire for more success -
wealthy merchants/plantation owners want the power given to upper class of
Mother Country
- Enlightenment influences
- Bill of Rights
- Written
by Jefferson (influenced by John Locke’s ideas of life, liberty, and
property)
- Trial by jury; proper format of trial
- People’s rights protected (national law)
- Results of the
American Revolution
- Colony
defeats major European power; shows this can be done with perseverance and
cost to “mother country”
- French aide helps colonists succeed
- Democracy put in place - replacing monarchy
- “Taxation Without Representation” not
permitted
- Eventually gain a strong central government
with the ratification of the U.S. Constitution (1789)
**Influenced the French Revolution
- Political and social
system of traditional Europe (France)
- First
Estate
(10% of land ownership)
- Clergy
- 100,000 clergy (0.5%
population)
- Second Estate
(15-20% of land ownership)
- Nobles
- 400,000 nobles (2% population)
- Third Estate
(30% of bourgeoisie land ownership and 40-45% of peasantry land ownership)
- Peasants, serfs,
bourgeoisie (upper middle class)
- 24
million (97.5% population)
o
The Third Estate broke away and formed its own government (Tennis
Court Oath forms the National Assembly) because they wanted to be
representatives of the nation and thought they deserved power
o
Louis XV called the Estates General to meet after over 150 years
of not meeting because he needed permission to tax the nobles since peasants
have no more money to pay taxes
o
The National Assembly wasn’t even democratic because only property
owned people get these rights and they were for only men as well
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction – The World
in 1750 – 1914
o
b/w 1750 – 1914, world
history was dominated by growing EUR imperialism
o
in these decades, EUR
(& N. America) experienced the Industrial Revolution – transformed the
bases of production through new technology + new sources of power
o
no area could escape
EUR/US penetration – ex. Africa (previously able to resist western political
& military power was carved up into numerous colonies & other areas
that experienced growing commercial penetration are China + the Ottoman Empire
(not colonies though)
o
International commercial
contacts ↑, was enhanced by major technological innovations ( steamship,
railroad, telegraph)
o
Christianity &
commercial penetration went hand in hand in L. America during the early modern
period; by end of 19th century, religious conversion began to
accompany imperialist entry into Africa’s heartlands
From Industrial Revolution to the Beginnings of a Western
Breakdown
o
Forces that produced
EUR’s Industrial Revolution: rapid pop. growth, expansion of manufacturing,
surge of new inventions
o
1798, French
expeditionary force seized Egypt from its Muslim rulers – indicates new power
balance in Mediterranean
o
1820s British hold on
India intensifies
o
1830s West forced open
China’s markets (started w/ Opium War)
o
1850s Britain + France
defeated Russia in a war in its own Crimean backyard; US & Britain pried
open Japanese markets under threat of naval bombardment
o
American Civil War
(1861-1865) saw industrial North prevail over slaveholding South
o
1860s scramble for new
African colonies began
o
1870s new level of
commercial penetration began to transform. American economy + social
relationships
o
B/w 1850s & 1900,
islands of Polynesia were brought under W control as colonies, the Maoris of
New Zealand were subjected to a gov.’t of EUR settlers
o
Industrial-Imperialist
period ended w/ outbreak of WWI in 1914 b/c w/ major conflict, West’s hold receded
The Industrial Revolution
o
essence = technological
change – particularly the application of coal-powered engines (later engines
powered by other fossil fuels)
o
engines replaced people
& animals as key sources of energy in many branches of production → joined by new production equipment that could
apply power to manufacturing through more automatic processes (ex. spindles
invented that wrapped fiber automatically into thread, looms mixed threads
automatically w/o direct human intervention)
o
Engines also used in
sugar refining, printing, etc.
o
British Industrial
Revolution resulted from many factors:
ü favorable natural resources
ü 18th century population crisis –
population pressure forced innovations @ all social levels
ü built on previous trends such as the growth of
the large manufacturing sector + huge advantages in international trade
ü prior development in science (scientific
revolution) set basis on which creative artisans could widen their efforts =
technical innovation
ü gov.’t support through institutions of laws that
encouraged new inventions & new trading + banking sys.
ü EUR dominance in world economy generated both
investment capital (from profits on trade & market opportunities)
Origins of Industrialization (1770 – 1840)
o
key inventions of early
industrialization during 18th century in Britain:
ü Automatic machinery in textiles initially was
intended for manual use in the domestic
sys. (production of goods at home)
ü 1770s, James Watt devised a steam engine to be
used for production → Industrial Revolution truly started
o
early machine spindles
were expanded => enabled given worker to supervise even faster output
o
American inventors
devised a production sys. of interchangeable parts (initially for rifles) =
helped standardized & mechanized the production of machinery
o
metallurgy advanced by
use of coal & coke instead of charcoal for smelting + refining allowed
creation of larger furnaces & greater output
o
development of
telegraph, steam shipping, & railway (early 19th century) = more
goods could be moved & distant markets could be reached
o
Industrial Revolution
depended on improvements in agriculture – improved equipment, seeds, ↑use of
fertilizers
o
Industrialization
concentrated increasing amounts of manufacturing in cities where power sources
were brought together w/ labor
o
Sleepy villages like Manchester, ENG grew to cities of
several hundred thousand people – growth depended on better agricultural
production
o
Industrialization = need
for a factory sys. – method of
manufacture where fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are
centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used
ü steam engines had to be concentrated b/c power
couldn’t be widely diffused until later application of electricity
ü Factory labor separated work from the home –
basic human change→ allowed manufacturers to introduce greater
specialization of labor & more explicit rules & discipline
o
Environmental impact:
ü coal & iron reduced pressure on EUR’s
remaining forests, BUT there was smoke pollution
ü factory wastes & growing cities affected water
quality
ü Industrial demand for raw materials created
slagheaps(wastes from coalmining) around mines
The Disruptions of Industrial Life
o
migrations from country
to city (young adults = prime migrants)
o
cities (already poorly
equipped to begin w/ & crowded) → health conditions
worsened in poor districts b/c of packed housing + inadequate sanitation, crime
increased
o
new social divisions
opened up as middle-class families moved away from cities (suburbanization that
cont. into late 20th century)
o
work became more unpleasant for people b/c:
ü separation from family
ü new machinery & factory rules compelled
rapid pace & coordination (contrast to traditional values of leisurely,
high-quality production)
ü factory owners wanted more work as possible from
labor force to help pay for expensive machines
ü constraints: banned singing, napping, drinking (alcohol), etc.
ü Punctuality & Efficiency = virtues –
anything that took time away from work = sinful
o
Family Life:
ü family => image of affection & purity
ü Children & women were to be sheltered from
“horrors” of world
ü woman (traditionally active partners to
merchants) withdrew from formal jobs → gained new roles in
caring for children + home
ü education, not work/apprenticeship = role for
children to prepare selves for future
Industrialization, West, and World
o
increased West’s
military power by generating new weapons technology, mass production of guns w/
standardized parts, new forms of transportation (steamboats to transport troops
upriver into interior of mainland) = KEY FOUNDATION FOR W IMPERIALISM
o
increased Western
dominance in world economy:
ü pushed dependent areas like L. America to be
even more dependent in supplying raw materials & foods for export while
relying on cheap labor)
ü slavery & serfdom were increasingly repelled
by law, but working conditions remained depressed
ü other areas that retained some independence
(China) forced to open markets to W
Ø India, China, L. America, etc. (once flourishing
manufacturing sectors) experienced “de-industrialization” b/c Western factory
goods now flooded market w/ cheaper wages
Population Movements
o
birth rates began to
decline due to child labor being displaced by machines – children = not as
useful as they once were in agricultural societies
o
new public health
measures decreased death rates
o
West’s percentage of
world population ↓ until 1900
o
Industrialization
drew workers from populous agricultural
regions to new factory centers
o
S & E EUR were slow
to industrialize – immigrants flocked to GER + FRA + USA, AUS, CAN
o
Italian, Portuguese,
& Spanish immigrants went to L. America in 19th century
o
Slave trade ended under
British leadership in early 19th century - a tiny bit remained in Middle East
Ø Humanitarian consideration & new ability of
industrial factories to organize free workers more effectively for production
fed this development
o
Asian & European
immigrants recruited – replaced slave trade
o
Immigrants (though not
slaves) were poorly paid & restricted by harsh contracts + forced to pay
inflated prices @ company-owned stores
o
Many Asian immigrants (replacing
former slave labor) were signed to restrictive contracts
o
others served as
shopkeepers & other commercial agents in their new societies
Diversity in the Age of Western Dominance
o
major surge of popular
conversion to Islam began in sub-Saharan Africa began @ end of 18th
century
o
L. American nations
(gained independence from SPA +POR by 1820s through a series of wars) launched
important process of nation-building b/w 1750 + 1914
o
In China, major social
unrest in mid-19th century = similar to earlier periods of dynastic
decline (rural elements rose against hardships caused by pop. pressure +
unchecked control by landlords)
o
W enlarged during 19th
century through emergence of strong immigrant societies in USA, CAN, AUS, &
New Zealand (each w/ own modifications of western principles)
o
Russia & Japan
underwent dramatic internal change – imitated Western gains w/o becoming
entirely Western
o
China & Ottoman Emp.
lost territory to W imperialism, but preserved a degree of independence
(despite growing weakness, outside interference, & indecision about how to
resist W)
o
L. American nations
(newly independent) coped w/ reform currents, but under intense economic
constraints
o
Most of world, including
N. Africa was colonized outright
o
Colonial rule = not
constant; ex. different effects in India & Africa (imperialism was later
arrival + harsher racism characterized W policy)
o
growing gap b/w Japan
& China due to reactions to industrial + Imperialist West
o
societies that
industrialized to at least a certain extent gained wealth (i.e. W, and USA +
AUS – settler societies)
o
societies impeded in
industrialization saw wealth decline (pressed by new population growth +
falling prices for raw materials)
o
Japan + Russia hovered
in middle – began industrialization by 1914, maintained full independence, but
not secure in new prosperity
Major Themes Transformed
o
industrial + urban
pollution, and food needs prompted farmers & estate owners to cut down
forests to plant crops incompatible w/ local soil conditions
o
Rubber trees (spread
widely in Brazil) & palm plantations (for vegetable oil in Africa) caused
massive erosion
o
independent nations
began to exchange of diplomatic representatives
o
From 1860s onwards,
international agencies arose – set rules for matters (ex. postal exchange,
commercial licensing, etc.) → addition of Red Cross
& Olympic committee
o
inequality b/w regions
↑: standard of living in Mexico was ≈ 2/3 as high as that in USA in 1800 &
dropped to 1/3 by 1900
o
forced labor sys. (ex.
slavery) were abolished
o
Legal equality
increased, but more complex forms of inequality persisted
o
Gender relations (varied
b/w societies): machines & male labor devalued women’s work → ↑# of ♀domestic servants
o
many people had to do
work/ accept rulers they neither liked nor chose - even peasants were subjected
to new taxes & pressure to change ways they produced food
Globalization
o
new technologies
telegraph, steamship, railroad, radios, telephones linked by undersea cables –
provided basis for global trade and communication
o
opening of Suez &
Panama canals (1869 & 1914) added greatly to speed of global travel
o
many corporations (based
in w. EUR & USA) had branch production outlets in L. America, Russia, E
Asia, etc. – companies sought both raw materials & markets around the world
o
1860s & onwards:
ü worldwide postal service
ü international rules governing treatment of civilians
during times of war
ü International Court (set up in Netherlands) to
deal with disputes
ü International Red Cross
ü Revival of Olympic games
o
cultural globalization
involved rapid imitation of European sports, particularly soccer football
(began to spread widely in L. America, Asia, Africa, etc. 1860s +)
o
Hollywood began
establishing role as international film capital – had branch offices around
world
The Age of Revolution
o
Forces of change:
Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t permit freedoms,
commercialization (made aristocrats & peasants nervous)
|
|
o
Population revolution was caused by better border patrol policing by
efficient nation-state gov.’ts – reduced movement of disease-bearing animals
o
improved nutrition as a
result of the potato
o
protoindustrialization: when lots of people become full/part-time
producers of textile & metal products, working at home but in a capitalist
sys. (materials, work orders, sales depended on urban merchants)
-2 Major Themes - both operating
with unfolding of Industrial Revolution
-Political Upheaval – age of revolution 1775-1848
-Exportation of western European institutions and values to
settler societies(U.S. + Australia)
-Major Changes (by 1914)
-Monarchies replaced by parliaments (extensive voting)
-U.S. and other settler societies made an increasing mark on
economy and politics of the West
-Series of disruptions
-New cultural forms – some challenge/built on it through scientific
research or political theory
-New states – Germany and United States
-Led to new alliances – which led to a catastrophic war
-Phases of Western transformation
-1750-1775 – Period of growing crisis
-1775-1850 – political revolution simultaneously with
industrial revolution
-1850-1914 – implications of industrial revolution
-Optimism in Chaos
-Marquis de Condorcet – “Progress of the Human Mind” - 1793 -
French aristocrat
-Due to literacy/education – mankind
on the verge of perfection; humble man - died in jail
-Forces of Change:
-Cultural
change – change in intellectual thought – Enlightenment
-Political
thought – challenged government
-Jean-Jacques
Rousseau – government based on general will
-Gap
opened between leaders and thinkers – this isn’t a good precedent - encouraged
economic/social change
-New
businesspeople challenged old aristocracy
-New
power structure vs. old economic values
Population
revolution - caused by:
-better
border control – kept out those annoying immigrants with disease
-improved
nutrition
-Effects:
-upper
class needed to control their position – feel threatened
-can’t inherit property --> join working class
-rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing
-protoindustrialization – set foundation for future capitalism
-putting out system – capitalism out of your house
-run by merchants – materials, work orders, sales
-altered behaviors:
-consumer mentality – keeping up with the Joneses
-premarital sex increased
-parents lose control – can’t threaten inheritance anymore
-defiance of authority
The American Revolution
o
After 1763~ American
colonists resisted British attempts to impose new taxes and trade
controls.
o
Young men seeking new
opportunities turned against the older colonial leadership.
o
1775~ Revolution
followed.
o
British strategic
mistakes and French assistance helped Americans to win independence.
o
1789~Americans created a
new constitutional structure based on Enlightenment principles. – checks &
balances, formal guarantees of individual liberties, voting rights, etc.
o
Social change was more
limited~ slavery continued
Crisis in France in 1789
o
In France, enlightenment
thinkers called for limitations on aristocratic and church power and for
increased voice for ordinary citizens.
o
Middle-class people
wanted a greater political role.
o
Peasants desired freedom
from landlord exactions.
o
Growing commercial
activity created a market economy.
o
1789 ~Louis XVI called a meeting of the
long-ignored traditional parliament but lost control of events to middle-class
representatives.
o
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen & the
storming of the Bastille, were important events in the evolution of a new
regime.
o
After peasants acted on
their own to redress grievances, the assembly abolished manorialism and
established equality before the law.
o
guillotine = invented to provide more “humane” executions → symbol of revolutionaries
o
Aristocratic principles
were undercut, and the church’s privileges were attacked and its property
seized.
o
The initial reforms
provoked aristocratic and church resistance.
o
Economic chaos added to
the disorder.
o
Foreign regimes opposed
the new government.
o
The pressures led to a
takeover of the revolution by more radical groups.
The French Revolution: Radical &
Authoritarian Phases
o
Leader of Reign of
Terror: Maximilien Robespierre (1758 – 1794)
o
The monarchy was
abolished and the king executed; internal enemies of the regime were purged
during the Reign of Terror.
o
The new rulers wished to
extend reforms, calling for universal male suffrage and broad social reform.
o
The invaders of France
were driven out.
o
The radical leadership of
the revolution fell in 1795.
o
The final phase of the
revolution appeared when a leading general, Napoleon Bonaparte, converted the revolutionary republic into an
authoritarian empire.
o
Napoleon concentrated on
foreign expansion; France by 1812 dominated most of Western Europe.
o
Popular resistance in
Portugal and Spain.
o
There was a disastrous
invasion of Russia.
o
British intervention
crushed Napoleon's empire by 1815.
o
The ideals of the
revolution survived the defeat.
o
The victorious allies
worked to restore a balance of power.
o
France was not punished
severely.
o
Europe remained fairly
stable for half a century, but internal peace was not secured.
A Conservative Settlement and the Revolutionary
Legacy
o
Congress of Vienna (1815)balance of power, new map devised – GBR
got colonies, Prussia got Piedmont in N. Italy, Russia maintained hold on most
of Poland
o
The conservative victors attempted to repress revolutionary radicalism.
o
Liberals sought to limit state interference in individual life and to
secure representation of propertied classes in government.
o
Radicals wanted more and
pushed for extended voting rights.
o
Socialists attacked
private property and capitalist exploitation.
o
Nationalists, allied with the other groups, stressed national unity.
o
The middle-class was
joined by urban artisans in the reform quest.
o
New revolutions with
varying results occurred in the 1820s and 1830s.
o
Britain and the United
States were part of the process, but without revolution.
o
Most of the revolutions
secured increased guarantees of liberal rights and religious freedom.
o
All Western governments
participated in some way in the processes of the Industrial Revolution.
o
Lower-class groups began
to turn to their governments to compensate for industrial change.
o
Greek Revolution against Ottoman rule in 1820s + rebellions in
Spain →dismantling Ottoman Emp. in Balkans
o
Another French
Revolution in 1830 installed different king & more liberal monarchy
o
Key states in USA
granted universal adult male suffrage (except slaves) in 1820s
o
British Reform Bill of 1832 gave parliamentary
vote to most middle-class men
o
Revolts followed in 1848
and 1849 when governments proved unresponsive.
o
Urban artisans pressed
for social reform and women agitated for equal rights.
o
The revolution spread to
Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
o
Adherents sought liberal
constitutions.
o
1848 revolutions
generally failed, as conservatives and middle-class groups protected their
interests.
o
Peasants alone secured
their aims, making them very conservative.
o
Social changes also
influenced revolutionary ideas.
o
Artisans concentrated on
their work and operated within the system.
o
By 1850, a new class
structure was in place.
o
Aristocrats declined in
power as social structure became based on wealth.
Main Points of 1850~1914
- railroads & canals linked
cities across Europe
- industrialization &
urbanization
- cities passed 50% mark in
urbanization
- cities improved:
ü sanitation
ü death
rates lower than birth rates
ü regulation
of food & housing
ü efficient
police forces
Adjustments
to Industrial Life
Family
Life
* birth rates dropped = stable population
levels
* children: source of emotional satisfaction
& parental responsibility vs. family workers
* by 1900: two-thirds of Western population
enjoyed conditions above survival level
Health
* 1880~1920: improvement of child health
* Louis
Pasteur discovered germs
* more sanitary regulations & procedures
used by doctors
* reduced deaths of women in childbirth
Business
* 1860~1873: # of
corporations doubled
* 1890s: labor movements
* new trade union movement = massed power of
workers
* workers bargained against bad work
conditions & better pay
Peasant life
* gained new ability to market goods &
purchase supplies efficiently
* specialization in new cash crops [ex: daily
products]
* children sent to school = gain knowledge to
improve farming
Political
Trends & Rise of New Nations
o
Results From Revolutions of 1848:
ü liberals
decided revolutions too risky = became more willing to compromise
ü conservatives
develop reforms to save power for aristocracy & monarchy
ü Benjamin Disraeli
(British conservative leader)
- granted voting rights to working
class men (1867)
ü Count Camillo di Cavour
(Italian state of Piedmont)
- support industrial development
- extend powers of parliament for
liberal forces
ü Otto von Bismarck
(Prussian prime minister)
- worked w/ a parliament
- extend vote to all men (grouped them
in wealth categories = blocked complete democracy)
other Prussian
reforms
- granted freedom to Jews
- extended (no guarantees) rights to
the press
- promoted mass education
Uses
of Nationalism
o
nationalism
- loyalty and devotion to a nation my nation is better! no mine is!
- conservatives
used nationalism to win support from society
- British conservatives able to expand
empire
- U.S. (by 1890s) Republican party
characterized w/ imperialist causes
o
Italy
- Cavour formed alliance w/ France
- able to attack Austrian control of
northern Italian provinces (1858)
- Cavour able to unite most of Italy
under the Piedmontese king (who dafuq is this)
- weakened political power of Catholic
pope (against liberal & nationalist ideas)
o
Germany
- series of wars in 1860s by Bismarck =
expanded Prussian power in Germany
- Bismarck declared war against Austria
- 1866 Prussia becomes supreme German
power
- war against France = united Germany
1871
o
American
Civil War (1861~1865)
- first war w/ industrial weaponry
& transport systems
- dispute over sectional rights between
North & South America
- ended slavery in U.S.
o
transformismo
- political system in late 19th century Italy
- promoted alliance of conservatives &
liberals
- parliamentary deputies of all parties
supported the status quo
The
Social Question & New Government Functions
Government
After 1870
* introduction of
civil service exams
* education more important
- school mandatory up to age 12
- promoted literacy (90~90% of adults
could read)
- girls taught domestic subjects
- taught nationalism in school
* develop welfare programs
Rise
of Socialism
* social question - issues relating to
repressed classes in western Europe during Industrial Revolution (workers &
women) become more important than constitutional issues after 1870
* socialism
- political movement w/ origins in western Europe during 19th century
- attack on private property
- wanted state control of means of
production
- end to capitalist exploitation of the
working man
* socialist ideas came from Karl Marx's (German theorist)
- groups out of power vs. groups
controlling means of production
- necessity of social revolution to
create proletarian (laboring class) dictatorship
- capitalism
is evil
ü private
ownership of capital goods
ü based on
free trade, competition & market forces of supply & demand
* revisionism
- socialist movements that went against Marx's belief about revolution
- success could be achieved by
democratic means
Feminist
Movements yeah girl power!
* legal & economic gains for women
- equal job opportunities
- higher education
- right to vote
* supported by middle class women
* Emmeline Pankhurst (1858~1928)
- participated in Socialist Fabian
Society
- formed suffrage organization in 1903
for right to vote
- used window smashing, arson &
hunger strikes
Consumption and Leisure
o
better wages &
reduction of work hours gave ordinary people new opportunities
o
alongside working class
grew “white-collared” labor force: clerks, secretaries, salepeople who
served growing bureaucracies of big
business & the state
o
factories could spew out
goods in such quantity that popular consumption had to be encouraged to keep up
w/ production
o
widespread advertising
developed to promote sense of need where none had existed before – product
crazes emerged – ex. bicycle fad of 1880s → changed woman’s fashion
(less layers)
o
Mass leisure culture:
o
popular newspapers –
featured stories that appealed to masses – crime, imperialist exploits, sports,
even comics = items of the day
o
popular theater soared –
comedy routines + musical revues drew patrons to music halls → after 1900, motion pictures became popular
o
team sports (soccer,
American football, baseball)- taught virtues of coordination & discipline –
useful for military life)
o
vacation trips became
more common (seaside resorts businesses boomed)
Advances in Scientific Knowledge
o
churches no longer
served as centers for most creative intellectual life
o
Universities and other
research establishments increasingly applied science to practical affairs –
linked science + technology in popular mind under a general aura of progress
o
improvements in medical
pathology, germ theory combined science & medicine
o
science was applied to
agriculture – studies of seed yields + chemical fertilizers
o
Evolutionary theory by Charles Darwin in 1859 – clashed
w/Christian beliefs of mankind being created by God
o
development of work on
electromagnetic behavior, atoms and its major components
o
Albert Einstein (after 1900) formalized new work through his
theory of relativity adding time as a factor in physical measurement
o
Social sciences cont. to
use observation, experiment, rationalist theorizing – compilations of
statistical data about populations, economic patterns, health conditions
o
economists tried to
explain business cycles, causes of poverty – social psychologists studied
behavior of crowds
o
Sigmund Freud began to develop theories of the workings of the human
subconciusness – argued behavior = determined by impulses, but emotional
problems can be relieved through rational discussion
Romanticism: artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the
late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature,
emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure
from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established
social rules and conventions
Western Settler Societies
o
more processed goods =
need for new markets & raw materials + agricultural products → spurred commercial agriculture in places like
Africa & L. America
o
steamships could
navigate previously impassable river sys., bringing W guns further inland
o
invention of repeating
rifle made W troops superior over local troops
o
Motives: 1)EUR nations competed for new
colonies as part of nationalistic rivalry
2) Business people
sought new chances for profit
3) Missionaries sought
opportunities for conversion
o
settler societies
(Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Canada) filled up with immigrants – GBR not
wanting a repeat of what happened with USA treated them w/ care, facilitated
spread of parliamentary gov.’t & liberal constitutions
European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand
o
During the 19th
century, Canada, Australia and New Zealand was filled with immigrants from
Europe
o
Established
parliamentary legislatures and vigorous commercial economics
o
Spares and disorganized
hunting – and – gathering population offered little resistance (particularly
Canada and Australia)
o
Like U.S. : new nations
look primarily to Europe for cultural styles and intellectual leadership
Ø Common in : family life, the status of women,
and the extension of mass education and culture
o
Unlike U.S. : the
nations remained part of the British Empire, though with growing autonomy
o
Canada was won by
Britain in the wars with France in the 18th century, remained apart
from the American Revolution.
o
Religious differences
between: French Catholic settlers and British rulers
o
settlers troubled the
area recurrently; several uprisings occurred in the 19th century
o
not wanting to its
colony in the U.S. , Britain in 1839, began to grant increasing self –rule
o
Canada
ü set up its own parliament
ü own laws
ü remained attached to the larger empire
o
this system applied
primarily to the province of Ontario and other province; created the federal
system that describes Canada today
o
French hostilities was eased due to the
creation of a separate province, Quebec (majority of French speakers)
o
Massive railroad
building in the beginning of 1850s
ü Brought settlement to the western territories
ü Great expansion of mining
ü commercial agriculture in the vast plains
o
In the U.S : new immigrants
from the southern and eastern Europe came during the last decades of the
century (due to the attraction by Canada’s growing commercial development
o
Britain’s Australian
colonies originated in 1788; a ship
deposited convicts to established a penal settlement at Sydney
Ø Only inhabitants was the aborigines, hunting and gathering people; they were in no position
to resist European settlement and exploration
Ø By 1840, had 140,000 European inhabitant
Ø Engaged mainly in a prosperous sheep-raising
agriculture that provides needed wool for British industries
Ø Exploration creased in 1853, most settlers were
free immigrants
Ø Discovery of Gold : 1851, spurred further
pioneering
Ø 1861, population increase to more than a million
o
Canada:
Ø Major provinces were granted self – government
w/ multiparty parliament system
Ø Unified federal nation was proclaimed on the
first day of 20th century:
ü Industrialization
ü Growing socialist party
ü Significant welfare legislation
o
New Zealand
Ø Visited by Dutch in 17th century
Ø Explored by English in 1770
Ø Began to receive British attention after 1814
Ø Maoris, Polynesian hunting-
and- gathering people (well organized politically)
Ø Missionary: convert many to Christianity
(Between 1814 & 1840s)
Ø British gov’t, fearful of French interest of the
area; moved to official control (1840)
Ø European immigration follows
Ø Settlers relied heavily on agriculture (sheep
rising), selling initially to Australia’s booming gold-rush population and then
to British
Ø Wars with Maoris plagued the settler in 1860s
Ø Maori defeated, good relations developed
Ø Won some representation in parliament
o
Canada and Australia,
new parliament system established; allowed new nation to rule itself (dominion
of the British Empire without interference with the mother country
o
Canada, Australia & New Zealand each had distinct
national favor and issues
o
New countries more
defendant on the European, particularly British
o
Industrialization did
not overshadow commercial agriculture and mining (Australia)
o
Currents of liberalism,
socialism, modern art, and scientific education described Western civilization
to 1900
o
U.S, part of Latin
America, Brazil and Argentina, that received new waves of European emigrants
(19th century)
o
Europe’s population
growth rate slowed after 1800 it still
rapidly increase due to more children that reach adulthood and had children of
their own
o
Europe’s export of
people explain how Western societies could take shape in such distant areas
o
Spread of Western
settlers societies also reflected the new power of Western industrialization
o
Huge areas settled
quickly:
Ø Steamships and rails,
Ø Remaining in close contact with western Europe
Diplomatic Tensions and WWI
o unification of GER & rapid industrial growth
altered the power balance in EUR - Bismarck very conscious of this → built a
complex alliance sys. in 1870s + 1880s to protect GER & divert European
attention elsewhere
o France (GER's greatest enemy) was largely
isolated - but was active as an imperialist in Africa & Asia
o By 1900, few parts left for Western seizure b/c
L. America was independent due to influence of the USA, most of Africa was
already carved up = more colonialism was impossible
o Few final colonies established after 1900:
Morocco by FRA, Tipoli (Libya) by Italy => made other countries worry about
balance of power
o China & Middle East were mostly independent,
but were crisscrossed by rivalries b/w western powers & Russia (in China's
case, Japan too) - no agreement could be made on further takeovers
o imperialist expansion fed rivalry b/w key
nation-states:
ü GBR worried mostly about GER's overseas drive +
navy building, economic competition b/w surging GER + lagging GBR added fuel to
fire
ü FRA (eager to escape Bismarck-engineered
isolation) cont. to play role as a rival to GBR → allied w/ Russia after GER
dropped alliance w/ Russia b/c of the Russian-Austrian enmity in 1890
The New Alliance Sys.
o Germany, Austria-Hungary, + Italy = Triple Alliance
o Britain, Russia, France = Triple Entente
o 3:3 seemed fair, but GER was sandwiched b/w
Russia (E) and France (W)
o powers steadily built up their military arsenals
- artillery levels + naval forces ↑ steadily, and dreadnought (new battleship) =
significant innovation
o each alliance sys. depended on an unreliable
partner:
ü Russia suffered a revolution in 1905
ü Austria-Hungary was plagued by nationality
disputes, particularly minority Slavic groups
*Both
Russia + Austria-Hungary were heavily involved in maneuverings in the Balkans =
final piece in puzzle that would set off WWI
o Balkan
nationalism (Slavic minorities
in Balkans that wanted to form their own nation-states)threatened Austria which
had a large southern Slav population
o 1912 & 1913, both Russia and Austria engaged
in 2 internal wars → territorial gains for several states, but didn't satisfy
anyone
o Serbia gained land from conflicts → Austria grew
nervous about Serbian gains → 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated an
Austrian archduke → Austria vowed to punish Serbia → Russia rushed to defend
Serbia & mobilized troops against Austria → GER worried about Austria &
was eager to strike against FRA before Russian mobilization (arrangements of
armed forces) was complete → GER called up its reserves & declared war on
Aug 1, 1914 →Britain hesitated briefly, then joined allies = BEG. OF WWI
Diplomacy and Society
The West had long been characterized by political
rivalries, and during the 19th century its nation-states sys., free from
serious challenge from other states, went out of control. W society was
strained by an industrialization that increased the destructive capacity of
warfare. Political leaders, more worried about social protest among the masses,
tried to distract them by diplomatic successes. Many among the masses, full of
nationalistic pride, applauded such actions.
TIMELINE
1700s
1739-
1850 Population boom in western Europe
1770
c. 1770 James Watt's steam engine; beginning of Industrial Revolution
1776-1783
American Revolution
1786-
1790 First British reforms in India
1788
Australian colonization begins; 1st convict settlement in Australia
1789
Washington, the first president of the United States
1789
-1799 French Revolution
1790
ff. Beginning of per capita birthrate decline (U.S)
1793
1st free European settlers in Australia
1793
- 1794 Radical phase
1789-1815
French Revolution and Napoleon
1798
Napoleon's invasion
1799
-1815 Reign of Napoleon
1800s
1800-
1850 Romanticism in literature and art
1803
Louisiana Purchase (U.S)
1805-1849
Muhammad Ali rules Egypt
1808-1825
Latin American wars of independence
1810-
1826 Rise of democratic suffrage in U.S
1815
Congress of Vienna; more conservative period
1815
Vienna settlement
1815
British annexation of Cape Town and region of southern Africa
1820
Revolutions in Greece and Spain; rise of liberalism and nationalism
1820s
ff. Industrialization in U.S
1822
Brazil declares independence
1823
Monroe Doctrine
1823
First legislative council in Australia
1825-
1855 Repression in Russia
1826
- 1837 Active European colonization begins in New Zealand
1829
Jackson, 7th president of U.S
1830,
1848 Revolutions in several European countries
1832
Reform Bill of 1832 (England)
1837
Rebellion in Canada
1837-
1842 United States - Canada border clashes
1830,
1848 Revolutions in Europe
1835
English education in India
1838
Ottoman trade treaty with Britain
1839
New British colonial policy allows legislature and more autonomy
1839-1841 Opium War between England and China
1839-
1876 Reforms in Ottoman Empire
1840
Semiautonomous government in Canada; Union act reorganizes Canada, provides
elected legislature
1843-
1848 First Maori War in New Zealand
1846-
1848 Mexican- American War
1848
ff. Beginnings of Marxism - Writings of Karl Marx; rise of socialism
1848
- 1849 European revolutions
1850s
1850
- 1864 Taiping rebellion in China
1850
Australia's Colonies Government Act allows legislature and more autonomy
1852
New constitution in New Zealand; elected councils
1853
Perry expedition to Edo Bay in Japan
1854-1856
Crimean War
1858
British parliament assumes control in India
1859
Darwin's Origin of Species
1859-
1870 Unification of Italy
1860-
1868 Civil strife in Japan
1860-
1870 Second Maori war
1861
Emancipation of serfs in Russia; reform era begins
1861-
1865 American Civil War
1863
Emancipation of slaves in the U.S
1864-
1871 German unification
1867
British North America Act; unites eastern and central Canada
1868
- 1912 Meiji (reforms) era in Japan
1870
Establishment of Japanese Ministry of Industry
1870s
ff. Rapid birth rate decline
1870s
ff. Spread of compulsory education laws
1870
- 1879 Institution of French Third Republic
1870
-1910 Acceleration of "demographic transition" in western Europe and
the U.S.A
1870
-1910 expansion of commercial export economy in Latin America
1871
- 1912 High point of European imperialism
1877-
1878 Ottoman out of most Balkans; Treaty of San Stefano
1879
-1890s Partition of West Africa
1879
- 1907 Alliance system: Germany- Austria
(1879); Germany- Austria-Russia (1881); Germany -Italy- Austria (1882);
France-Russia (1819); Britain - France (1904); Britain - Russia (1907)
1880s
ff. High point of Impression in art
1881-
1914 Canadian Pacific Railway
1881
-1889 German social insurance laws enacted
1882
U.S excludes Chinese immigrants (Chinese Exclusion Act of 1822)
1882
British takeover of Egypt
1884
- 1914 Russian industrialization
1885
Formation of National Congress Party in India
1886-
1888 Slavery abolished in Cuba and Brazil
1890
Japanese constitution
1890s
Partition of east Africa
1890s
European leases in China
1891
- 1898 Australia and New Zealand restrict Asian immigration
1893
U.S annexes Hawaii
1893
Women's suffrage in New Zealand
1894
- 1895 Sino Japanese War
1895
Cuban revolt against Spain
1898
Formation of Marxist Social Democratic Party in Russia
1898
Spanish -American War; U.S.A acquires the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii;
U.S.A intervenes with Cuba
1899
U.S acquires part of Samoa
1898-
1901 Boxer rebellion in China
1900s
1901
Commonwealth of Australia; creates national federation
1903
Construction of Panama Canal beg Sins
1904-
1905 Russo -Japanese War
1905-
1906 Revolution in Russia; limited reforms
1907
New Zealand dominion status in British Empire
1908
Young Turk rising
1910
Japan annexes Korea
1911-
1912 Revolution in China; end of empire
1912
- 1913 Balkan War
1914-
1918 World War I
1917
U.S enters WWI
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